Khan R, Satyapal K S, Lazarus L, Naidoo N
Department of Clinical Anatomy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban, South Africa.
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
Heliyon. 2019 Dec 27;6(1):e03107. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e03107. eCollection 2020 Jan.
The exact dimensions of the scapula, including the coracoid process and glenoid fossa, are fundamental in the patho-mechanics of the glenohumeral joint (GHJ); as these structures act as initiators of shoulder movement. The aim of the study was to evaluate the anthropometric parameters of the GHJ, with emphasis on the coracoid process and glenoid fossa. The morphometric (Linear Tools 2012, 0-150mm, LIN 86500963) and morphological parameters of a total of one hundred and sixty-four (n = 164) dry bone scapulae [Right (R): 80; Left (L): 84, Male (M): 68; Female (F): 96] were recorded. : (i) Shape of glenoid fossa: Type 1: (R) 16.5%, (L) 11.0%; Male (M) 20.1%, Female (F) 7.3%; Type 2: (R) 14.0%, (L) 15.2%; (M) 18.3%, (F) 11.0%; Type 3: (R) 18.3%, (L) 25.0%; (M) 27.4%, (F) 15.9%. (ii) Notch type: Type 1: (R) 1.7%, (L) 7.3%; (M) 6.7%, (F) 2.4%; Type 2: (R) 47.0%, (L) 43.9%; (M) 59.2%, (F) 31.7%. (iii) Vertical diameter of glenoid fossa (VD) (mm): (R) 35.2 ± 3.1, (L) 34.9 ± 3.0; (M) 35.3 ± 3.2, (F) 34.6 ± 2.8. (iv) Horizontal diameter 1 (HD1) of glenoid fossa (mm): (R) 18.4 ± 3.3, (L) 17.5 ± 2.9; (M) 18.2 ± 3.3, (F) 17.4 ± 2.6. (v) Horizontal diameter 2 (HD2) of glenoid fossa (mm): (R) 24.5 ± 2.9, (L) 23.6 ± 2.6; (M) 24.2 ± 2.7, (F) 23.7 ± 2.8. (vi) Length of coracoid process (CL) (mm): (R) 41.7 ± 4.7, (L) 41.5 ± 4.9; (M) 42.1 ± 4.7, (F) 40.7 ± 4.8. (vii) Width of coracoid process (CW) (mm): (R) 13.3 ± 1.9, (L) 14.2 ± 11.9; (M) 13.1 ± 1.9, (F) 15.1 ± 14.5. (viii) Coracoglenoid distance (CGD) (mm): (R) 27.4 ± 8.3, (L) 28.2 ± 3.5; (M) 28.2 ± 7.4, (F) 27.0 ± 3.4. In the present study, Type 3 (oval) was observed to be the predominant glenoid fossa shape with a higher incidence in male individuals and on the right side. Although only notch Types 1 (without a notch) and 2 (with one notch) were observed in this study, Type 2 (one notch) was the most prevalent, presenting with a significant p-value (p = 0.019), suggesting that notch Type 1 (without a notch) and 2 (with one notch) are common findings in the right and left side of individuals. The findings observed in this study may provide knowledge regarding the role of the coracoid parameters in etiology of subcoracoid impingement while knowledge on the glenoid fossa parameters and variations are essential for evaluation in shoulder arthroplasty for glenoid fractures and anterior dislocations, and for glenoid prosthesis designs for the South African population.
肩胛骨的确切尺寸，包括喙突和关节盂，在盂肱关节（GHJ）的病理力学中至关重要；因为这些结构是肩部运动的起始部位。本研究的目的是评估GHJ的人体测量参数，重点是喙突和关节盂。记录了总共164块（n = 164）干燥肩胛骨的形态测量（线性工具2012，0 - 150毫米，LIN 86500963）和形态学参数[右侧（R）：80块；左侧（L）：84块，男性（M）：68块；女性（F）：96块]。：（i）关节盂形状：1型：（R）16.5%，（L）11.0%；男性（M）20.1%，女性（F）7.3%；2型：（R）14.0%，（L）15.2%；（M）18.3%，（F）11.0%；3型：（R）18.3%，（L）25.0%；（M）27.4%，（F）15.9%。（ii）切迹类型：1型：（R）1.7%，（L）7.3%；（M）6.7%，（F）2.4%；2型：（R）47.0%，（L）43.9%；（M）59.2%，（F）31.7%。（iii）关节盂垂直直径（VD）（毫米）：（R）35.2 ± 3.1，（L）34.9 ± 3.0；（M）35.3 ± 3.2，（F）34.6 ± 2.8。（iv）关节盂水平直径1（HD1）（毫米）：（R）18.4 ± 3.3，（L）17.5 ± 2.9；（M）18.2 ± 3.3，（F）17.4 ± 2.6。（v）关节盂水平直径2（HD2）（毫米）：（R）24.5 ± 2.9，（L）23.6 ± 2.6；（M）24.2 ± 2.7，（F）23.7 ± 2.8。（vi）喙突长度（CL）（毫米）：（R）41.7 ± 4.7，（L）41.5 ± 4.9；（M）42.1 ± 4.7，（F）40.7 ± 4.8。（vii）喙突宽度（CW）（毫米）：（R）13.3 ± 1.9，（L）14.2 ± 11.9；（M）13.1 ± 1.9，（F）15.1 ± 14.5。（viii）喙肱关节距离（CGD）（毫米）：（R）27.4 ± 8.3，（L）28.2 ± 3.5；（M）28.2 ± 7.4，（F）27.0 ± 3.4。在本研究中，观察到3型（椭圆形）是关节盂的主要形状，在男性个体和右侧的发生率较高。尽管本研究中仅观察到1型（无切迹）和2型（有一个切迹）切迹，但2型（一个切迹）最为常见，呈现出显著的p值（p = 0.019），表明1型（无切迹）和2型（有一个切迹）切迹在个体的右侧和左侧是常见发现。本研究中观察到的结果可能为喙突参数在喙突下撞击病因学中的作用提供知识，而关节盂参数和变异的知识对于评估关节盂骨折和前脱位的肩关节置换术以及南非人群的关节盂假体设计至关重要。
