Women's and Children's Health Network, Adelaide, SA.
Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA.
Med J Aust. 2020 Feb;212(2):89-93. doi: 10.5694/mja2.50481. Epub 2020 Jan 7.
Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is an uncommon but life-threatening infection caused by Neisseria meningitidis. Serogroups B, C, W and Y cause most IMD cases in Australia. The highest incidence occurs in children under 5 years of age. A second peak occurs in adolescents and young adults, which is also the age of highest carriage prevalence of N. meningitidis. Meningococcal serogroup B (MenB) disease predominated nationally before 2016 and has remained the predominant cause of IMD in South Australia with 82% of cases, compared with 35% in New South Wales, 35% in Queensland, 9% in Victoria, 29% in Western Australia and 36% nationally in 2016. MenB vaccination is recommended by the Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation for infants up to 2 years of age and adolescents aged 15-19 years (age 15-24 years for at-risk groups, such as people living in close quarters or smokers), laboratory workers with exposure to N. meningitidis, and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children from age 2 months to 19 years. Due to the epidemiology and disease burden from MenB, a meningococcal B vaccine program has been implemented in South Australia for individuals with age-specific incidence rates higher than the mean rate of 2.8/100 000 population in South Australia in the period 2000-2017, including infants, young children (< 4 years) and adolescents (15-20 years). Program evaluation of vaccine effectiveness against IMD is important. As observational evidence also suggests 4CMenB may have an impact on Neisseria gonorrhoeae with genetic homology between bacterial species, the vaccine impact on gonorrhoea will also be assessed.
侵袭性脑膜炎奈瑟菌病（IMD）是一种罕见但危及生命的感染，由脑膜炎奈瑟菌引起。血清群 B、C、W 和 Y 导致澳大利亚大多数 IMD 病例。发病率最高的是 5 岁以下儿童。第二个高峰发生在青少年和年轻人中，这也是脑膜炎奈瑟菌携带率最高的年龄。在 2016 年之前，脑膜炎奈瑟菌 B 血清群（MenB）疾病在全国占主导地位，在南澳大利亚仍然是 IMD 的主要原因，占 82%，而新南威尔士州为 35%，昆士兰州为 35%，维多利亚州为 9%，西澳大利亚州为 29%，2016 年全国为 36%。澳大利亚技术免疫咨询小组建议对 2 岁以下婴儿和 15-19 岁青少年（高危人群，如生活在密切接触或吸烟人群，年龄为 15-24 岁）进行 MenB 疫苗接种，实验室工作者接触脑膜炎奈瑟菌，以及年龄在 2 个月至 19 岁的澳大利亚原住民和托雷斯海峡岛民儿童。由于 MenB 的流行病学和疾病负担，南澳大利亚已经为特定年龄组的个体实施了脑膜炎 B 疫苗接种计划，这些个体的发病率高于 2000-2017 年期间南澳大利亚 2.8/100000 人口的平均发病率，包括婴儿、幼儿（<4 岁）和青少年（15-20 岁）。评估疫苗对 IMD 的有效性是很重要的。由于观察性证据还表明 4CMenB 可能对具有细菌种间遗传同源性的淋病奈瑟菌有影响，因此也将评估疫苗对淋病的影响。
