Ammonia liberated continuously in large amounts in muscle, kidney and brain is used immediately for the synthesis of mainly glutamine because of the toxic effects of elevated ammonia concentrations. After glutamine hydrolysis in the liver ammonia serves as substrate for the urea biosynthesis. In ureotelic animals urea is the quantitatively most important product for the elimination of surplus nitrogen. 2. The rate of urea biosynthesis depends on the amount of surplus nitrogen and acts as regulatory factor for the nitrogen balance of the adult organism. 3. Urea cycle abnormalities in liver diseases or inborn enzymatic defects are important factors leading to hyperammonaemia in patients. 4. The hyperammonaemia induces an increase of the rate of hepatic pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis as a consequence of an ineffective feedback inhibition of the glutamine-dependent carbamoyl phosphate synthetase. 5. The distribution of ammonia between intra- and extracellular space and the amount of ammonium ions excreted in the urine depend on the pH value. An alkalosis induces an intracellular ammonia load and inhibits the urinary ammonium ion excretion, which is increased in acidosis as one mechanism of protein elimination. 6. The ammonia-induced inhibition of the citric acid cycle by an alpha-ketoglutarate deficiency is one important reason for the neurotoxicity of ammonia, which is the main point in the pathogenesis of hepatic coma.
