National Research Council-Water Research Institute (CNR-IRSA), S.S. Brugherio via del Mulino 19 (MB), 20861, Brugherio, Italy.
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milano, Italy.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2020 Sep;27(25):30977-30986. doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-06767-7. Epub 2020 Jan 13.
Two different analytical methods for the determination of polycyclic musk fragrances (PMFs) in wastewater and in activated sludge were developed. PMFs in filtered water samples were determined by gas chromatography coupled with a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. Activated sludge samples were extracted using an ultrasonic bath and analysed using a GC-Ion trap. The developed methods respected a linear model (R > 0.995). Detection limits of selected compounds (Celestolide, Galaxolide, Galaxolidone, Phantolide and Tonalide) varied from 1.7 to 80 ng L for water and from 0.1 ng g to 210 ng g for activated sludge considering laboratory contamination for each PMF. Recovery studies were performed on spiked water samples and, for sludges, on procedural blanks, showing recoveries above 70% for all the considered compounds, while recovery of the internal standard was always above limit of acceptance (30%). Proposed methods were used to determine PMFs concentrations in wastewaters and activated sludges of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) located in Northern Italy. Concentrations in the range of μg L of Galaxolide and of its metabolite Galaxolidone were detected even in the WWTP effluent. Biotransformation of Galaxolide into Galaxolidone occurred during biological treatment with the consequent release of this compound through WWTP effluents. In activated sludges, concentrations of all PMFs except Galaxolidone were one order of magnitude higher than wastewaters, as expected according to their physicochemical properties. Present wastewater treatment technologies were confirmed to not be efficient in removing PMFs from influent wastewaters since with only ≃ 30% of Celestolide and Tonalide were removed.
开发了两种不同的分析方法，用于测定废水中和活性污泥中的多环麝香香精（PMF）。通过气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱联用仪在选择反应监测（SRM）模式下测定过滤水样中的 PMF。采用超声波浴提取活性污泥样品，并用 GC-离子阱进行分析。所开发的方法符合线性模型（R>0.995）。考虑到每种 PMF 的实验室污染，选定化合物（Celestolide、Galaxolide、Galaxolidone、Phantolide 和 Tonalide）在水中的检测限为 1.7 至 80 ng/L，在活性污泥中为 0.1 ng/g 至 210 ng/g。在加标水样和污泥中进行了回收研究，对于污泥，在程序空白中进行了回收研究，结果表明所有考虑的化合物的回收率均高于 70%，而内标物的回收率始终高于可接受限（30%）。所提出的方法用于测定位于意大利北部的污水处理厂（WWTP）废水中和活性污泥中的 PMF 浓度。即使在 WWTP 流出物中也检测到 Galaxolide 及其代谢物 Galaxolidone 的浓度在μg/L 范围内。Galaxolide 在生物处理过程中转化为 Galaxolidone，随后通过 WWTP 流出物释放出这种化合物。在活性污泥中，除 Galaxolidone 外，所有 PMF 的浓度均比废水高一个数量级，这与它们的物理化学性质相符。目前的废水处理技术被证实不能有效地从废水中去除 PMF，因为只有 ≃ 30%的 Celestolide 和 Tonalide 被去除。
