Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, PO Box 1199, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
Appetite. 2020 May 1;148:104593. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104593. Epub 2020 Jan 13.
Recent neuroscience research has delineated key psychological components of reward: wanting, liking and learning. Each component is further divided into explicit and implicit processes. While explicit processes are consciously experienced, implicit processes are not always directly accessible to conscious inspection. In the present study, we investigated the effect of metabolic state on implicit and explicit responses and their relationship in food context, especially when foods and visually matched non-food items are contrasted, and when foods in a sole food context but differing in energy content (high-energy - low-energy) or taste (sweet - savoury) were contrasted. Sixty healthy non-obese females participated in the study in fasted and fed states. Three Implicit Association Tests were used to assess implicit associations. Explicit liking and wanting ratings were assessed by visual analogue scales. In the implicit food-non-food context, food was preferred over non-food items both in fasted and fed states, though the strength of implicit associations declined significantly from fasted to fed state. However, the direction or strength of implicit associations was not significantly different between the metabolic states when comparing concepts within food context only, differing in energy content or taste. Instead, explicit responses reflected the change in the metabolic state in a manner consistent with alliesthesia and sensory-specific satiety. The results of the present study suggest that implicit associations are relatively resistant to acute change in the metabolic condition compared to explicit ratings, which shift more readily according to the fasted-fed continuum. The shift in the prevailing metabolic state was, however, reflected in the strength of implicit responses towards food in relation to non-food items, yet in the sole food contexts implicit associations were comparable between the fasted and fed states.
想要、喜欢和学习。每个成分进一步分为显性和隐性过程。虽然显性过程是有意识地体验到的，但隐性过程并不总是可以直接通过意识检查来访问。在本研究中，我们调查了代谢状态对食物背景下隐性和显性反应及其关系的影响，特别是当食物和视觉匹配的非食物物品进行对比，以及当食物在单一食物背景下但在能量含量（高能量-低能量）或味道（甜-咸）上有所不同时进行对比。60 名健康非肥胖女性在禁食和进食状态下参与了研究。使用三种内隐联想测验来评估内隐联想。通过视觉模拟量表评估显性喜好和欲望评分。在隐性食物-非食物背景中，食物在禁食和进食状态下都优先于非食物物品，尽管从禁食到进食状态，隐性关联的强度显著下降。然而，当仅在食物背景中比较概念时，当比较能量含量或味道不同的食物时，代谢状态之间的隐性关联的方向或强度没有显著差异。相反，显性反应以与alliesthesia 和感觉特异性饱腹感一致的方式反映了代谢状态的变化。本研究的结果表明，与显性评分相比，隐性联想相对抵抗代谢状态的急性变化，显性评分更易于根据禁食-进食连续体而变化。然而，在与非食物物品相比，隐性反应对食物的强度反映了主导代谢状态的变化，而在单一食物环境中，禁食和进食状态之间的隐性联想是可比的。
