Finlayson Graham, King Neil, Blundell John
Division of Psychology, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Lanarkshire G4 0BA, UK.
Appetite. 2008 Jan;50(1):120-7. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2007.06.007. Epub 2007 Jun 28.
Eating is an action open to awareness by the individual; however, it cannot be claimed that processes that control the expression of eating habits are necessarily explicit. This distinction between implicit and explicit processes may enhance understanding of the expression of food reward (particularly the concepts of liking and wanting [Berridge, K. C., & Robinson, T. E. (2003). Parsing reward. Trends in Neurosciences, 26, 507-513] and its importance for human appetite control [Finlayson, G. S., King, N. A., & Blundell, J. E. (2007b). Liking vs. wanting food: Importance for human appetite control and weight regulation. Neuroscience and Biobehavioural Reviews, in press]. The present study investigated the effect of meal-induced satiation on implicit and explicit processes of liking (L) and wanting (W) by developing a computer-based procedure to measure L and W in hungry and satiated states. Explicit measures were derived from analogue ratings whilst an implicit W measure was derived from reaction time in a forced-choice procedure, which also identified food preferences. Seventy subjects (21.8+/-0.9 years, BMI: 22.2+/-0.5 kg/m2) completed the procedure before and immediately following consumption of a savoury test meal. Satiation caused explicit ratings of L and W to decrease in all food categories (p<0.01); but with a more marked decrease for savoury foods compared with sweet foods (p<0.01). Implicit W was increased for sweet categories (p<0.01), but not for savoury. Implicit and explicit measures of L and W independently correlated with preference for sweet foods. This study provides support that implicit and explicit processes of food reward can be simultaneously measured and dissociated using a test meal. Adjustments in hunger were linked to changes in explicit L and W in a manner consistent with sensory specific satiety, while a relationship between hunger and implicit W was absent. We suggest that implicit W is not systematically downregulated by the physiological consequences of food consumption in the same way as hunger and therefore may be largely independent of homoeostatic processes influencing intake.
进食是一种个体能够意识到的行为；然而，不能认为控制饮食习惯表现的过程必然是明确的。内隐和外显过程之间的这种区别可能会增进对食物奖赏表现（特别是喜好和渴望的概念[贝里奇，K.C.，& 罗宾逊，T.E.（2003年）。解析奖赏。神经科学趋势，26，507 - 513]）及其对人类食欲控制的重要性[芬利森，G.S.，金，N.A.，& 布伦德尔，J.E.（2007年b）。喜欢与渴望食物：对人类食欲控制和体重调节的重要性。神经科学与生物行为评论，即将发表]的理解。本研究通过开发一种基于计算机的程序来测量饥饿和饱腹状态下的喜好（L）和渴望（W）的内隐和外显过程，探讨了进餐诱导的饱腹感对它们的影响。外显测量来自类比评分，而内隐W测量来自强制选择程序中的反应时间，该程序也确定了食物偏好。70名受试者（21.8±0.9岁，体重指数：22.2±0.5 kg/m²）在食用一顿美味测试餐后立即完成了该程序。饱腹感导致所有食物类别中L和W的外显评分下降（p<0.01）；但与甜味食物相比，咸味食物的下降更为明显（p<0.01）。甜味类别中内隐W增加（p<0.01），但咸味类别未增加。L和W的内隐和外显测量与对甜味食物的偏好独立相关。本研究支持使用测试餐可以同时测量和区分食物奖赏的内隐和外显过程。饥饿的调整与外显L和W的变化相关，其方式与感官特异性饱腹感一致，而饥饿与内隐W之间不存在关系。我们认为，内隐W不会像饥饿那样因食物摄入的生理后果而被系统地下调，因此可能在很大程度上独立于影响摄入量的稳态过程。
