Winkler Linda A
University of Pittsburgh, Department of Anthropology, Titusville, Pennsylvania.
Am J Primatol. 1989;17(4):305-319. doi: 10.1002/ajp.1350170405.
The present paper examines the anatomical relationships as well as possible developmental and functional relationships of the fatty cheek pad characteristic of the adult male orangutan. The research involves the dissection of 11 orangutans of both sexes in a variety of age categories. All specimens possess either a fat pad or a subcutaneous connective tissue fascial compartment in the lateral face extending superiorly from slightly above the inferior border of the mandible to the temporal region. In immature specimens as well as adult females, fat deposits within the connective tissue compartment are scarce or nonexistent, whereas pubescent male specimens or older possess accumulations of fibro-fatty tissues in this region. The extensive fat accumulations of the adult male cheek flange are related to age and sex and to modifications in related facial musculature, especially mm. platysma, zygomaticus, orbicularis oculi, and orbitotemporalis and frontalis. These muscles are clearly related to the cheek pad structures in both sexes but appear to assume a supportive role in the males. The cheek pad has no direct bony attachments, but its mass may have a significant effect on facial morphology. The development of the cheek pad is temporally variable and its function remains speculative although the presence of a fully developed flange may be related to behavioral modifications.
本文研究了成年雄性猩猩特有的脂肪性脸颊垫的解剖学关系以及可能的发育和功能关系。该研究涉及解剖11只不同年龄类别的雌雄猩猩。所有标本在侧面都有一个脂肪垫或皮下结缔组织筋膜腔，从下颌骨下缘稍上方向上延伸至颞区。在未成熟标本以及成年雌性中，结缔组织腔内的脂肪沉积稀少或不存在，而青春期雄性标本或年龄较大的雄性在该区域有纤维脂肪组织的积累。成年雄性脸颊凸缘的大量脂肪积累与年龄、性别以及相关面部肌肉组织的改变有关，尤其是颈阔肌、颧肌、眼轮匝肌、眶颞肌和额肌。这些肌肉在两性中都与脸颊垫结构明显相关，但在雄性中似乎起到支撑作用。脸颊垫没有直接的骨性附着，但它的质量可能对面部形态有显著影响。脸颊垫的发育在时间上是可变的，其功能仍然是推测性的，尽管完全发育的凸缘的存在可能与行为改变有关。
