Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
J Anat. 2011 Sep;219(3):273-359. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01403.x. Epub 2011 Jun 20.
Apart from molecular data, nearly all the evidence used to study primate relationships comes from hard tissues. Here, we provide details of the first parsimony and Bayesian cladistic analyses of the order Primates based exclusively on muscle data. The most parsimonious tree obtained from the cladistic analysis of 166 characters taken from the head, neck, pectoral and upper limb musculature is fully congruent with the most recent evolutionary molecular tree of Primates. That is, this tree recovers not only the relationships among the major groups of primates, i.e. Strepsirrhini {Tarsiiformes [Platyrrhini (Cercopithecidae, Hominoidea)]}, but it also recovers the relationships within each of these inclusive groups. Of the 301 character state changes occurring in this tree, ca. 30% are non-homoplasic evolutionary transitions; within the 220 changes that are unambiguously optimized in the tree, ca. 15% are reversions. The trees obtained by using characters derived from the muscles of the head and neck are more similar to the most recent evolutionary molecular tree than are the trees obtained by using characters derived from the pectoral and upper limb muscles. It was recently argued that since the Pan/Homo split, chimpanzees accumulated more phenotypic adaptations than humans, but our results indicate that modern humans accumulated more muscle character state changes than chimpanzees, and that both these taxa accumulated more changes than gorillas. This overview of the evolution of the primate head, neck, pectoral and upper limb musculature suggests that the only muscle groups for which modern humans have more muscles than most other extant primates are the muscles of the face, larynx and forearm.
除了分子数据外，用于研究灵长类动物亲缘关系的几乎所有证据都来自硬组织。在这里，我们提供了首次基于肌肉数据对灵长目进行简约和贝叶斯系统发育分析的详细信息。从对头、颈、胸肌和上肢肌肉的 166 个特征进行的系统发育分析中获得的最简约树与最近的灵长类动物进化分子树完全一致。也就是说，这棵树不仅恢复了灵长类动物主要群体之间的关系，即原猴亚目{跗猴形目[阔鼻猴类（猕猴科、人科）]}，还恢复了这些包含群体内部的关系。在这棵树上发生的 301 个字符状态变化中，大约 30%是非同源进化转变；在树中明确优化的 220 个变化中，大约 15%是回复。使用源自头和颈肌肉的特征获得的树比使用源自胸肌和上肢肌肉的特征获得的树更类似于最近的进化分子树。最近有人认为，自从黑猩猩/人类分裂以来，黑猩猩积累了更多的表型适应，但我们的结果表明，现代人比黑猩猩积累了更多的肌肉特征变化，而且这两个分类群比大猩猩积累了更多的变化。对灵长类动物头、颈、胸肌和上肢肌肉进化的概述表明，现代人比大多数其他现存灵长类动物拥有更多肌肉的唯一肌肉群是面部、喉咙和前臂的肌肉。
