Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
Chongqing Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
Cell Mol Life Sci. 2020 Jul;77(14):2723-2738. doi: 10.1007/s00018-020-03450-w. Epub 2020 Jan 23.
Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) is the expansion and differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells outside of the bone marrow. In postnatal life, as a compensatory mechanism for ineffective hematopoiesis of the bone marrow, pathological EMH is triggered by hematopoietic disorders, insufficient hematopoietic compensation, and other pathological stress conditions, such as infection, advanced tumors, anemia, and metabolic stress. Pathological EMH has been reported in many organs, and the sites of pathological EMH may be related to reactivation of the embryonic hematopoietic structure in these organs. As a double-edged sword (blood and immune cell supplementation as well as clinical complications), pathological EMH has been widely studied in recent years. In particular, pathological EMH induced by late-stage tumors contributes to tumor immunosuppression. Thus, a deeper understanding of the mechanism of pathological EMH may be conducive to the development of therapies against the pathological processes that induce EMH. This article reviews the recent progress of research on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of pathological EMH in specific diseases.
骨髓外造血（EMH）是造血干细胞和祖细胞在骨髓外的扩增和分化。在出生后，作为骨髓无效造血的代偿机制，病理性 EMH由造血紊乱、造血补偿不足和其他病理应激条件触发，如感染、晚期肿瘤、贫血和代谢应激。病理性 EMH 已在许多器官中报道，病理性 EMH 的部位可能与这些器官中胚胎造血结构的再激活有关。病理性 EMH 作为一把双刃剑（血液和免疫细胞的补充以及临床并发症），近年来受到广泛研究。特别是晚期肿瘤引起的病理性 EMH 有助于肿瘤免疫抑制。因此，深入了解病理性 EMH 的机制可能有助于开发针对诱导 EMH 的病理过程的治疗方法。本文综述了特定疾病中病理性 EMH 的细胞和分子机制的最新研究进展。
