Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France.
Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France; CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, 28 rue de Charenton, F-75012, Paris, France; Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, 29 rue Manin, F-75019 Paris, France; Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2020 Jun 25;527(2):325-330. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.12.117. Epub 2020 Jan 23.
Optogenetics is a biological technique that combines the advantageous spatial-temporal resolution of optics and genetic cell targeting to control cellular activity with unprecedented precision. It has found vast applications both in neurosciences and therapy, particularly in view of its application to restore vision in blind patients. Optogenetics requires the ectopic expression of a so-called opsin to render neurons sensitive to light. There are two types of opsins for modulating membrane potential of neurons: (i) microbial opsins from unicellular organisms that respond to a light stimulus by mediating a flow of ions across the membrane (ii) animal opsins that are naturally present in mammalian retinas that initiate G protein coupled signaling in response to light. The former category has been extensively employed for vision restoration in the past decade with two ongoing clinical trials employing microbial opsins to restore light sensation in retinitis pigmentosa patients. The latter subtype of animal opsins is emerging more recently as strong candidates to restore vision with the promise of greater light sensitivity and tolerability. In this review we will discuss each approach in view of its utility for vision restoration in retinal blindness.
光遗传学是一种生物学技术，它结合了光学的优势时空分辨率和遗传细胞靶向，以空前的精度控制细胞活动。它在神经科学和治疗学中都有广泛的应用，特别是在应用于恢复盲人视力方面。光遗传学需要异位表达一种所谓的光敏感蛋白，使神经元对光敏感。有两种类型的光敏感蛋白可以调节神经元的膜电位：（i）来自单细胞生物的微生物光敏感蛋白，通过介导离子跨膜流动对光刺激做出反应；（ii）动物光敏感蛋白，天然存在于哺乳动物视网膜中，对光刺激产生 G 蛋白偶联信号。前者在过去十年中被广泛用于视力恢复，目前有两项正在进行的临床试验使用微生物光敏感蛋白恢复色素性视网膜炎患者的光感。后者最近作为恢复视力的强有力候选者出现，具有更高的光敏感性和耐受性的潜力。在这篇综述中，我们将根据其在视网膜盲视力恢复中的实用性讨论每种方法。
