Amaranath Bj Janardhana, Das Neelam, Gupta Ira, Gupta Rohit, John Bijoy, Devi Munishwar Parvathi
Department of Periodontology, Rama Dental College Hospital and Research Centre, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.
J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2020 Jan-Feb;24(1):20-25. doi: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_212_19. Epub 2019 Oct 4.
Tobacco smoking is an independent risk factor for periodontal disease which increases periodontal pocketing, attachment loss, as well as bone loss leading to varied severity and bone destruction in the form of horizontal and vertical patterns.
The aim of the present study is to determine and measure the types and severity of bone destruction in chronic periodontitis (CP) patients with tobacco smoking habit using intraoral periapical (IOPA) radiographs and transgingival probing.
A total of 60 male participants with CP were included in the study. Group A comprised 30 heavy cigarette smokers and Group B comprised 30 nonsmokers. Clinical parameters such as plaque index (PI), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were recorded. Amount and pattern of bone loss were assessed using IOPA and transgingival probing.
The mean values of PI, PPD, and CAL were 2.50 ± 0.28 mm, 9.33 ± 1.42 mm, and 10.2 ± 1.62 mm, respectively, for cigarette smokers, which were found to be higher and statistically significant as compared to nonsmokers. Cigarette smokers showed more bone destruction than nonsmokers in respect to maxillary molars 4.42 ± 1.31 mm and incisors 3.90 ± 1.10 mm as compared to nonsmokers. Types of bone destruction were more of vertical patterns (93.3%) in cigarette smokers.
Tobacco smoking was associated with severe attachment loss. Tobacco smoking not only affects soft tissues but also hard tissues such as bone. Palatal sides of maxillary molars showed significantly higher bone loss and also had more percentage of vertical patterns of bone loss compared to nonsmokers. IOPA and transgingival probing may be used as noninvasive methods for the determination of types and severity of bone destruction in CP patients with or without tobacco smoking habit.
吸烟是牙周病的独立危险因素，会增加牙周袋深度、附着丧失以及骨质流失，导致不同程度的病情以及水平和垂直型骨破坏。
本研究旨在使用口腔根尖片（IOPA）和龈下探诊来确定并测量有吸烟习惯的慢性牙周炎（CP）患者骨破坏的类型和严重程度。
本研究共纳入60名患有CP的男性参与者。A组由30名重度吸烟者组成，B组由30名不吸烟者组成。记录菌斑指数（PI）、探诊深度（PPD）和临床附着丧失（CAL）等临床参数。使用IOPA和龈下探诊评估骨质流失的量和模式。
吸烟者的PI、PPD和CAL的平均值分别为2.50±0.28mm、9.33±1.42mm和10.2±1.62mm，与不吸烟者相比，这些值更高且具有统计学意义。与不吸烟者相比，吸烟者在上颌磨牙（4.42±1.31mm）和切牙（3.90±1.10mm）处表现出更多的骨破坏。吸烟者的骨破坏类型更多为垂直型（93.3%）。
吸烟与严重的附着丧失有关。吸烟不仅影响软组织，还影响诸如骨骼等硬组织。与不吸烟者相比，上颌磨牙的腭侧骨丢失明显更高，且垂直型骨丢失的比例也更高。IOPA和龈下探诊可作为确定有或无吸烟习惯的CP患者骨破坏类型和严重程度的非侵入性方法。
