Heffernan Roxanne, Ward Tony
School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.
Psychiatr Psychol Law. 2018 Oct 29;26(2):312-328. doi: 10.1080/13218719.2018.1506721. eCollection 2019.
Dynamic risk (and to a lesser extent protective) factors are the foundation of correctional practice; the assumption that they exist, can be measured and are able to change is at the heart of what forensic practitioners do. However, there has recently been a surge in interest and debate around what these constructs are and how they relate to offending. In progressing this debate, we shift the focus from risky characteristics, behaviours and contexts (e.g. antisocial attitudes, associates, drug abuse), to the (i.e. goal-directed actions) to which these descriptions refer. Embedded within practices are values (i.e. priorities, motivators, norms), and underpinning them human capacities. Identification of these capacities and relevant contexts (i.e. norms, opportunities) can inform rehabilitation, which strengthens them to support healthier and less harmful functioning. We offer examples of risk and protective factors for sexual offending, although the ideas are not limited to this type of behaviour.
动态风险（以及在较小程度上的保护）因素是矫正实践的基础；认为这些因素存在、可以测量并且能够改变的假设是法医从业者工作的核心。然而，最近人们对这些概念是什么以及它们与犯罪行为的关系产生了浓厚的兴趣并展开了激烈的辩论。在推进这场辩论时，我们将重点从风险特征、行为和环境（例如反社会态度、交往对象、药物滥用）转移到这些描述所指的行动（即目标导向的行为）上。实践中蕴含着价值观（即优先事项、动机、规范），而支撑这些价值观的是人类能力。识别这些能力和相关环境（即规范、机会）可以为康复提供信息，从而强化这些能力以支持更健康、危害更小的机能。我们提供了性犯罪风险和保护因素的示例，尽管这些观点并不局限于这类行为。
