Prostate-specific membrane antigen in circulating tumor cells is a new poor prognostic marker for castration-resistant prostate cancer.

The aim of this study is to elucidate the clinical significance of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) expression in circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients. We analyzed a total of 203 CTC samples from 79 CRPC patients to investigate the proportion of positive mRNA expressions at different treatment phases. Among them, we elected to focus on specimens from 56 CRPC patients who progressed on therapy and were subsequently provided a new treatment (treatment-switch cohort). In this cohort, we investigated the association between PSMA expression in CTCs and treatment response. CTCs were detected in 55/79 patients and median serum PSA in CTC-positive patients was 67.0 ng/ml. In the treatment-switch cohort of 56 patients, 20 patients were positive for PSMA in CTCs. PSMA expression was inversely associated with percentage of change in prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The median PSA progression-free survival and overall survival were significantly shorter in the PSMA-positive cohort. Furthermore, PSMA expression was predictive of poorer treatment response, shorter PSA progression-free survival and overall survival. PSMA expression in circulating tumor cells may be a novel poor prognostic marker for CRPC.