Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, and Department of Biological Sciences, College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
Department of Anthropology, California State University, Northridge.
Am J Primatol. 1985;8(2):127-152. doi: 10.1002/ajp.1350080205.
Dental dimensions and distributions of dental dimensions of males and females were compared for great apes (Pan, Gorilla, and Pongo, and humans (Homo). The results were examined and discussed with reference to fossil primates Sivapithecus and Ramapithecus. The analyses focused on patterns of sexual dimorphism, both with regard to mean dimensions and the distribution of those dimensions. Sex differences in mean canine dimensions were large and significant for Gorilla and Pongo, significant but smaller for Pan, and small but occasionally significant for Homo. The dispersions of measures were greater for males than for females in Gorilla and Pan but did not differ significantly for Pongo or Homo. Examination of the noncanine teeth revealed complex sex differences. In the anterior teeth, sex differences in mean dimensions were generally apparent for Gorilla and Pongo, less so for Pan, and least of all in Homo. The patterns of dispersion of measures of anterior teeth differed markedly from those of the canines. Pan exhibited the same pattern for anterior and canine teeth. Gorilla showed the opposite pattern. Pongo and Homo showed similar dispersions for males and females in many cases. Sex differences in posterior teeth followed the pattern of the canines for Gorilla and were absent for Pan. Pongo exhibited mean differences in dimensions across sex, but dispersions were similar. The pattern for Homo was most like that of Pongo, but with fewer significant differences. The genera differed with regard to the number of significant differences in means or dispersions along the tooth row. It is clear that the patterns of dimorphism differ qualitatively across all extant genera of great apes and humans. It appears that the pattern for Homo most closely resembles that of Ramapithecus, whereas Pongo most closely resembles Sivapithecus. The patterns for Gorilla and Pan appear to be unlike either of the fossil forms. It is suggested that the qualitatively distinct patterns of dental sexual dimorphism indicate substantial flexibility during recent primate evolution and that the degree of structural flexibility demonstrated provides a basis for appreciating potential for plasticity of gender differences in behavioral, social, and cultural systems.
比较了雄性和雌性大猿（包括猩猩、大猩猩和猩猩以及人类）的牙齿尺寸和牙齿尺寸分布。分析结果参照了已灭绝的灵长类动物西瓦古猿和拉玛古猿进行了检查和讨论。分析集中在性二态性模式上，包括平均尺寸和这些尺寸的分布。大猩猩和猩猩的雄性犬齿尺寸差异较大且显著，猩猩的犬齿尺寸差异较小但偶尔显著，而人类的犬齿尺寸差异较小但不显著。大猩猩和猩猩中雄性的测量值离散度大于雌性，但猩猩的离散度没有显著差异。对非犬齿的检查揭示了复杂的性别差异。在前牙中，大猩猩和猩猩的平均尺寸通常存在性别差异，而在猩猩中则不明显，而在人类中则最不明显。前牙的测量值离散模式与犬齿明显不同。猩猩的前牙和犬齿表现出相同的模式。大猩猩表现出相反的模式。在许多情况下，猩猩和人类的雄性和雌性的前牙和犬齿的离散度相似。大猩猩的后牙性别差异与犬齿相似，而猩猩则没有。猩猩表现出尺寸的性别差异，但离散度相似。模式与人类最相似，但差异较少。不同属在牙齿长度上的均值或离散度存在显著差异的数量存在差异。显然，所有现存的大猿和人类属之间的二态性模式在质量上存在差异。似乎人类的模式最接近拉玛古猿，而猩猩最接近西瓦古猿。大猩猩和猩猩的模式似乎与这两种化石形态都不相似。有人认为，牙齿性别二态性的明显模式表明最近灵长类进化具有相当大的灵活性，并且所表现出的结构灵活性程度为理解行为、社会和文化系统中性别差异的可塑性潜力提供了基础。
