Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens.
Department of Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center of Emory University, Lawrenceville, Georgia.
Am J Primatol. 1985;8(1):37-52. doi: 10.1002/ajp.1350080105.
An analysis of 3,774 episodes of agonistic aiding collected during a two-year study of a rhesus monkey group (Macaca, mulatta) indicated the differential influence of kinship and rank relationships on the participation of different age-sex classes in both aid to victims and aid to aggressors. Most aiding favored victims rather than aggressors and was much more likely to occur when matrilineal kin were involved. Females were more likely to aid than were males, and the frequency of their participation increased with age. Females were much more influenced by kinship than were males and defended or aggressively supported kin against any third party regardless of dominance relationships. Adult males seldom aided against animals that were dominant to themselves; the rare exceptions occurred when adult males defended kin. Aiding was far more likely to occur if the victim was squealing, and noisy agonistic episodes often involved multiple aiders on both sides. Aiding patterns had some potential to insure dominance rank inheritance within families, in accordance with the Kawamura hypothesis. In aiding animals outside of their own matrilines, however, group members aided randomly with respect to this model. There was little evidence that aiding functioned to support individuals when they targeted animals to which they should be dominant as adults based on matrilineal dominance relationships. Most defensive aiding seemed to function primarily to defend victims (primarily kin) of aggression. Aggressive support of the attacker, on the other hand, seemed to function primarily to reinforce coalitions with the attacker. The identity of the victim was unimportant as long as it was neither kin to nor dominant to the aider. Aggressive support of attackers did not overturn existing dominance relationships.
对两年间对一组猕猴（Macaca mulatta）的研究中收集到的 3774 个竞争援助事件进行分析，结果表明亲缘关系和等级关系对不同年龄-性别群体参与援助受害者和援助攻击者的影响存在差异。大多数援助都偏向于受害者而不是攻击者，而且当涉及到母系亲属时，这种援助更有可能发生。雌性比雄性更有可能提供援助，而且随着年龄的增长，它们的参与频率也会增加。雌性比雄性更受亲缘关系的影响，并且无论支配关系如何，都会保护或积极支持亲属免受任何第三方的侵害。成年雄性很少援助对自己具有支配地位的动物；极少数例外情况发生在成年雄性为亲属辩护时。如果受害者在尖叫，援助更有可能发生，而且嘈杂的竞争事件通常涉及双方的多个援助者。援助模式有可能根据 Kawamura 假设确保家庭内的支配等级继承。然而，在援助自己母系之外的动物时，群体成员的援助是随机的，与该模型无关。几乎没有证据表明援助是为了在个体针对成年后应该具有支配地位的动物时支持他们，这是基于母系支配关系的。大多数防御性援助似乎主要是为了保护遭受攻击的受害者（主要是亲属）。另一方面，对攻击者的支持似乎主要是为了加强与攻击者的联盟。只要受害者不是援助者的亲属，也不是支配者，其身份就不重要。对攻击者的支持并没有推翻现有的支配关系。
