Kret Mariska E, Prochazkova Eliska, Sterck Elisabeth H M, Clay Zanna
Cognitive Psychology Unit, Leiden University, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands.
Cognitive Psychology Unit, Leiden University, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2020 Aug;115:378-395. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.027. Epub 2020 Jan 25.
Humans and great apes are highly social species, and encounter conspecifics throughout their daily lives. During social interactions, they exchange information about their emotional states via expressions through different modalities including the face, body and voice. In this regard, their capacity to express emotions, intentionally or unintentionally, is crucial for them to successfully navigate their social worlds and to bond with group members. Darwin (1872) stressed similarities in how humans and other animals express their emotions, particularly with the great apes. Here, we show that emotional expressions have many conserved, yet also a number of divergent features. Some theorists consider emotional expressions as direct expressions of internal states, implying that they are involuntary, cannot be controlled and are inherently honest. Others see them as more intentional and/ or as indicators of the actor's future behavior. After reviewing the human and ape literature, we establish an integrative, evolutionary perspective and provide evidence showing that these different viewpoints are not mutually exclusive. Recent insights indicate that, in both apes and humans, some emotional expressions can be controlled or regulated voluntarily, including in the presence of audiences, suggesting modulation by cognitive processes. However, even non-intentional expressions such as pupil dilation can nevertheless inform others and influence future behavior. In sum, while showing deep evolutionary homologies across closely related species, emotional expressions show relevant species variation.
人类和大猩猩是高度社会化的物种，在日常生活中会与同类相遇。在社交互动过程中，它们通过面部、身体和声音等不同方式的表情来交流有关自身情绪状态的信息。在这方面，它们有意或无意表达情绪的能力对于它们成功应对社交世界以及与群体成员建立联系至关重要。达尔文（1872年）强调了人类和其他动物，特别是与大猩猩在表达情绪方式上的相似性。在此，我们表明情绪表达有许多保守的特征，但也有一些不同的特征。一些理论家将情绪表达视为内部状态的直接表达，这意味着它们是不由自主的、无法控制的且本质上是诚实的。另一些人则认为它们更具意图性，和/或作为行为者未来行为的指标。在回顾了人类和猿类的文献后，我们建立了一个综合的、进化的视角，并提供证据表明这些不同观点并非相互排斥。最近的见解表明，在猿类和人类中，一些情绪表达可以被自愿控制或调节，包括在有观众在场的情况下，这表明存在认知过程的调节作用。然而，即使是像瞳孔扩张这样的非故意表达也能向他人传达信息并影响未来行为。总之，情绪表达虽然在密切相关的物种间显示出深刻的进化同源性，但也表现出相关的物种差异。
