Oxidative damage and antioxidative system in algae.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) typically produce in algae and act as secondary messengers in numerous cellular processes. Under abiotic stresses, the balance between production and suppression of ROS disappears and causes increase of ROS. Increasing excessive ROS can cause damage to various cellular components comprising cell membranes, proteins and lipids. Algae have an antioxidant defense system to overcome on oxidative damage. Antioxidant defense mechanisms are of two types, namely enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. The enzymatic antioxidants include superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase. The non-enzymatic antioxidants include carotenoids, tocopherol, ascorbic acid, glutathione, flavonoids and phenolic compounds. In this review, we describe the various types of ROS and their production, and antioxidant defense mechanisms for ROS suppression.