Nazir Muhammad Ashraf, Al-Ansari Asim, Abbasi Nabeela, Almas Khalid
Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Oral Biology, Rawal Institute of Health Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2019 Oct 11;7(21):3659-3666. doi: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.542. eCollection 2019 Nov 15.
Smoking is associated with various systemic conditions and contributes to a huge financial burden to economies around the world.
The study aimed to evaluate global data about the prevalence of tobacco use among male and female adolescents and to discuss smoking-related oral complications.
The prevalence data of tobacco use among adolescents (13-15 years) was retrieved from the World Health Organization (Global Health Observatory). The World Bank's statistics about gross national income (GNI) per capita were used to categorise low-income, lower-middle-income, upper-middle-income, and high-income countries. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase databases were searched to gather updated evidence about the adverse consequences of smoking on oral health among adolescents.
The prevalence of tobacco use was 19.33%, and there were 23.29% of male and 15.35% female smoker adolescents in 133 countries (p < 0.001). The highest prevalence of tobacco use in male (24.76%) and female (19.4) adolescents was found in high-income countries. Significantly higher proportions of male adolescents were smokers than female counterparts in low-income, lower-middle-income, and upper-middle-income (p < 0.001). However, there were no statistically significant differences in tobacco use between male and female adolescents in high-income countries. Low-income countries had the lowest prevalence (14.95%) of tobacco use, while high-income countries had the highest prevalence estimates (22.08). Gingivitis (72.8%), gingival bleeding (51.2%), oral malodor or halitosis (39.6%) is common oral conditions among smoker adolescents. Smoking habit is significantly associated with dental caries, periodontal disease, hairy tongue, smoking-related melanosis, and hyperkeratosis among adolescents.
There was a high prevalence of tobacco use among male and female adolescents around the globe. Available evidence suggests a strong association between smoking and compromised oral health among adolescents. Globally, measures should be taken to prevent and control the menace of tobacco use to reduce systemic and oral complications.
吸烟与多种全身性疾病相关，给世界各国经济带来巨大经济负担。
本研究旨在评估全球男性和女性青少年烟草使用流行情况的数据，并讨论与吸烟相关的口腔并发症。
从世界卫生组织（全球卫生观测站）获取青少年（13 - 15岁）烟草使用的流行数据。利用世界银行关于人均国民总收入（GNI）的统计数据，将国家分为低收入、中低收入、中高收入和高收入国家。检索了PubMed、科学网、Scopus和Embase数据库，以收集关于吸烟对青少年口腔健康不良后果的最新证据。
在133个国家中，烟草使用流行率为19.33%，男性吸烟青少年占23.29%，女性占15.35%（p < 0.001）。在高收入国家，男性（24.76%）和女性（19.4%）青少年的烟草使用流行率最高。在低收入、中低收入和中高收入国家，男性青少年吸烟者比例显著高于女性（p < 0.001）。然而，在高收入国家，男性和女性青少年的烟草使用情况在统计学上没有显著差异。低收入国家的烟草使用流行率最低（14.95%），而高收入国家的流行率估计最高（22.08%）。牙龈炎（72.8%）、牙龈出血（51.2%）、口腔异味或口臭（39.6%）是吸烟青少年常见的口腔问题。吸烟习惯与青少年龋齿、牙周疾病、毛舌、吸烟相关黑素沉着和角化过度显著相关。
全球范围内男性和女性青少年烟草使用流行率较高。现有证据表明吸烟与青少年口腔健康受损之间存在密切关联。在全球范围内，应采取措施预防和控制烟草使用的威胁，以减少全身性和口腔并发症。
