用问卷和尿液收集监测儿童咖啡因摄入量：瑞士便利样本中的横断面研究。

Monitoring caffeine intake in children with a questionnaire and urine collection: a cross-sectional study in a convenience sample in Switzerland.

机构信息

Department of Epidemiology and Health Services Research, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Lausanne, Switzerland.

Hospital of Valais, Sion, Switzerland.

出版信息

Eur J Nutr. 2020 Dec;59(8):3537-3543. doi: 10.1007/s00394-020-02187-3. Epub 2020 Feb 3.

DOI:10.1007/s00394-020-02187-3

PMID:32016643

Abstract

PURPOSE

The objectives of this study were (1) to estimate caffeine intake and identify the main sources of intake using a dietary questionnaire, (2) to assess 24-h urinary excretion of caffeine and its metabolites, and (3) to assess how self-reported intake estimates correlates with urinary excretion among children in Switzerland.

METHODS

We conducted a cross-sectional study of children between 6 and 16 years of age in one region of Switzerland. The participants filled in a dietary questionnaire and collected a 24-h urine sample. Caffeine intake was estimated with the questionnaire. Caffeine, paraxanthine, theophylline, and theobromine excretions were measured in the urine sample. Correlations between questionnaire-based intake and urinary excretion estimates were assessed using Spearman correlation coefficients.

RESULTS

Ninety-one children were included in the analysis (mean age 10.6 years; 43% female). The mean daily caffeine intake estimate derived from the diet questionnaire was 39 mg (range 0-237), corresponding, when related to body weight, to 1.2 mg/kg (range 0.0-6.3). Seven children (8%) had a caffeine intake above the upper recommended level of 3 mg/kg per day. The main sources of caffeine intake were cocoa milk (29%), chocolate (25%), soft drinks (11%), mocha yogurt (10%), tea (8%), and energy drinks (8%). The 24-h urinary excretion of caffeine was 0.3 mg (range 0.0-1.5), paraxanthine 1.4 mg (range 0.0-7.1), theophylline 0.1 mg (range 0.0-0.6), and theobromine 14.8 mg (range 0.3-59.9). The correlations between estimates of caffeine intake and the 24-h urinary excretion of caffeine was modest (ρ = 0.21, p = 0.046) and with the metabolites of caffeine were weak (ρ = 0.09-0.11, p = 0.288-0.423).

CONCLUSIONS

Caffeine intake in a sample of children in a region of Switzerland was relatively low. The major sources of intake were cocoa milk, chocolate and soft drinks. Self-reported caffeine intake correlated weakly with urinary excretion of caffeine and some of its main metabolites.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

NCT02900261.

摘要

目的

本研究的目的为：(1)使用膳食问卷评估咖啡因摄入量并确定主要的摄入来源；(2)评估 24 小时尿液中咖啡因及其代谢物的排泄量；(3)评估瑞士儿童中自我报告的摄入量估计与尿液排泄量之间的相关性。

方法

在瑞士的一个地区，我们开展了一项 6 至 16 岁儿童的横断面研究。参与者填写了一份膳食问卷并收集了 24 小时尿液样本。通过问卷估计咖啡因摄入量。在尿液样本中测量咖啡因、可可碱、茶碱和可可因的排泄量。使用 Spearman 相关系数评估基于问卷的摄入量与尿液排泄量之间的相关性。

结果

91 名儿童被纳入分析（平均年龄 10.6 岁，43%为女性）。膳食问卷得出的平均每日咖啡因摄入量估计值为 39 毫克（范围 0-237），当按体重计算时，相当于 1.2 毫克/千克（范围 0.0-6.3）。有 7 名儿童（8%）的咖啡因摄入量超过了每日 3 毫克/千克的推荐上限。咖啡因摄入的主要来源是可可牛奶（29%）、巧克力（25%）、软饮料（11%）、摩卡酸奶（10%）、茶（8%）和能量饮料（8%）。24 小时尿液中咖啡因排泄量为 0.3 毫克（范围 0.0-1.5），可可碱排泄量为 1.4 毫克（范围 0.0-7.1），茶碱排泄量为 0.1 毫克（范围 0.0-0.6），可可因排泄量为 14.8 毫克（范围 0.3-59.9）。咖啡因摄入量与 24 小时尿液中咖啡因排泄量之间的相关性适中（ρ=0.21，p=0.046），与咖啡因代谢物之间的相关性较弱（ρ=0.09-0.11，p=0.288-0.423）。