Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland.
University of Gdańsk, Faculty of Chemistry, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
Sci Total Environ. 2020 Apr 15;713:136522. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136522. Epub 2020 Jan 7.
Even though the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in the water environment is thought to be a potential problem for human health and aquatic organisms, the level of knowledge of their sources and presence in the marine ecosystem is still insufficient. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the emergence of sixteen pharmaceuticals and caffeine in groundwater, submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), rivers and coastal seawater in the southern Baltic Sea. It has been recognized that chemical substances load associated with SGD can affect coastal ecosystems equally or even greater than surface runoff. Hence, the Bay of Puck, which is an active groundwater discharge area, has been chosen as a model study site to assess the preliminary risk of pharmaceutical and caffeine residues supply in coastal ecosystem. A special focus was placed on tracing the possible sources of pollution for groundwater and SGD based on the composition of collected samples. Five pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, sulfapyridine, sulfamethoxazole, ketoprofen and diclofenac) and caffeine were detected in varying concentrations from below the detection limit to 1528.2 ng L. Caffeine and diclofenac were the most widespread compounds. Groundwater was mostly enriched in the analysed compounds and consequently SGD has been recognized as an important source of identified pharmaceutical and caffeine residues to the Bay of Puck. A predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) was determined in order to perform an environmental risk assessment of five pharmaceuticals and caffeine detected in water samples. Finally, future challenges and potential amendments in monitoring strategies are discussed.
尽管环境中药物的存在被认为是对人类健康和水生生物的潜在威胁，但对于它们在海洋生态系统中的来源和存在水平的了解仍然不足。因此，本研究旨在确定十六种药物和咖啡因在波罗的海南部地下水、海底地下水排泄（SGD）、河流和沿海水域中的出现情况。人们已经认识到，与 SGD 相关的化学物质负荷可能会对沿海生态系统产生同等甚至更大的影响。因此，作为一个模型研究地点，选择了普尔科沃湾（一个活跃的地下水排泄区），以评估沿海生态系统中药物和咖啡因残留供应的初步风险。特别关注的是根据收集样本的组成追踪地下水和 SGD 污染的可能来源。在检测限以下到 1528.2ng/L 的浓度范围内，检测到了五种药物（卡马西平、磺胺吡啶、磺胺甲恶唑、酮洛芬和双氯芬酸）和咖啡因。咖啡因和双氯芬酸是最广泛存在的化合物。地下水富含分析物，因此 SGD 被认为是确定药物和咖啡因残留进入普尔科沃湾的重要来源。为了对水样中检测到的五种药物和咖啡因进行环境风险评估，确定了无影响浓度（PNEC）。最后，讨论了未来监测策略中的挑战和潜在修正。
