CIBIO/InBIO - Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, P 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; SSC/IUCN - Mollusc Specialist Group, Species Survival Commission, International Union for Conservation of Nature, c/o The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, CB2 3QZ Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Matsuyama High School, 1-6-10 Matsuyama-cho, Higashimatsuyama, Saitama 355-0018, Japan.
Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2020 May;146:106755. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106755. Epub 2020 Feb 3.
Freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae) is a diverse family with around 700 species being widespread in the Northern Hemisphere and Africa. These animals fulfill key ecological functions and provide important services to humans. Unfortunately, populations have declined dramatically over the last century, rendering Unionidae one of the world's most imperiled taxonomic groups. In Far East Asia (comprising Japan, Korea, and Eastern Russia), conservation actions have been hindered by a lack of basic information on the number, identity, distribution and phylogenetic relationships of species. Available knowledge is restricted to studies on national and sub-national levels. The present study aims to resolve the diversity, biogeography and evolutionary relationships of the Far East Asian Unionidae in a globally comprehensive phylogenetic and systematic context. We reassessed the systematics of all Unionidae species in the region, including newly collected specimens from across Japan, South Korea, and Russia, based on molecular (including molecular species delineation and a COI + 28S phylogeny) and comparative morphological analyses. Biogeographical patterns were then assessed based on available species distribution data from the authors and previous reference works. We revealed that Unionidae species richness in Far East Asia is 30% higher than previously assumed, counting 43 species (41 native + 2 alien) within two Unionidae subfamilies, the Unioninae (32 + 1) and Gonideinae (9 + 1). Four of these species are new to science, i.e. Beringiana gosannensissp. nov., Beringiana fukuharaisp. nov., Buldowskia kamiyaisp. nov., and Koreosolenaia sitgyensisgen. & sp. nov. We also propose a replacement name for Nodularia sinulata, i.e. Nodularia breviconchanom. nov. and describe a new tribe (Middendorffinaiini tribe nov.) within the Unioninae subfamily. Biogeographical patterns indicate that this fauna is related to that from China south to Vietnam until the Mekong River basin. The Japanese islands of Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Hokkaido, and the Korean Peninsula were identified as areas of particularly high conservation value, owing to high rates of endemism, diversity and habitat loss. The genetically unique species within the genera Amuranodonta, Obovalis, Koreosolenaiagen. nov., and Middendorffinaia are of high conservation concern.
淡水贻贝（双壳纲：贻贝科）是一个多样化的家族，约有 700 种，广泛分布于北半球和非洲。这些动物具有关键的生态功能，并为人类提供重要的服务。不幸的是，在过去的一个世纪里，这些贻贝的数量急剧下降，使得贻贝科成为世界上受威胁最严重的分类群之一。在东亚（包括日本、韩国和俄罗斯东部），由于缺乏有关物种数量、身份、分布和系统发育关系的基本信息，保护行动受到阻碍。现有的知识仅限于国家和次国家一级的研究。本研究旨在在全球综合的系统发育和系统学背景下，解决东亚贻贝的多样性、生物地理学和进化关系。我们根据分子（包括分子物种划分和 COI+28S 系统发育）和比较形态学分析，重新评估了该地区所有贻贝科物种的系统发育，包括来自日本、韩国和俄罗斯各地的新采集标本。然后根据作者和以前参考文献中可用的物种分布数据评估生物地理模式。我们发现，东亚的贻贝物种丰富度比之前假设的要高 30%，包括两个贻贝科亚科（Unioninae 和 Gonideinae）的 43 种（41 种本地+2 种外来）。其中有 4 种是新的科学物种，即伯灵氏贻贝（Beringiana gosannensissp. nov.）、伯灵氏贻贝（Beringiana fukuharaisp. nov.）、Kamiyai 氏贻贝（Buldowskia kamiyaisp. nov.）和朝鲜静氏贻贝（Koreosolenaia sitgyensisgen. & sp. nov.）。我们还为中华拟豆蛤（Nodularia sinulata）提出了一个替代名称，即短扭豆蛤（Nodularia breviconchanom. nov.），并在 Unioninae 亚科内描述了一个新的部落（Middendorffinaiini 部落 nov.）。生物地理模式表明，该动物群与中国南部至越南的动物群有关，直到湄公河流域。本州岛、四国岛、九州岛、北海道岛和朝鲜半岛等日本岛屿被确定为具有特别高的保护价值的地区，因为这些地区的特有种、多样性和栖息地丧失率都很高。在 Amuranodonta、Obovalis、Koreosolenaiagen. nov. 和 Middendorffinaia 属内具有遗传独特性的物种受到高度保护关注。
