Bardhan Ronita, Debnath Ramit, Jana Arnab
Centre for Research in Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 9DT, United Kingdom.
Centre for Urban Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India.
Wiley Interdiscip Rev Energy Environ. 2019;8(5):e340. doi: 10.1002/wene.340. Epub 2019 Aug 15.
India's Intended Nationally Determined Contributions in 2015 toward the Two-Degree Celsius climate change goal has endorsed 15% of renewable integration in the primary energy mix by 2020. The energy space is strategy to meet the target without affecting its immediate sustainable development goals. This study documents this strategic effort by tracking the historical trajectory of energy policy planning since its independence in 1947. An objective ontological approach was adopted in reviewing the evolution of energy policy into five distinct phases. Phase I (1947-1970), focused on supply adequacy with the overall thrust on infrastructure development as the pillar of Indian economy. In Phase II (the 1970s) the focus shifted in addressing the energy access crisis. Phase III (the 1980s) was based on increment, diversification, and streamlining on supplies for energy security purposes. Phase IV (the 1990s) is the period of modernization of the overall Indian electricity system. Phase V (the 2000s) is the present phase of market transformation and climate change mitigation energy policies. A co-assessment of India's policy to the international climate negotiations showed that India remained responsive to international climate goals. It became reactive in the planning for sustainable energy policy after its ratification of Kyoto Protocol in 2001. Since then, India has been instrumental in administering strict emission reduction norms and efficiency measures. This review concludes that the country needs to upgrade its inefficient transmission and distribution networks, which was broadly neglected. The subsidy allocations in domestic energy resources should be well-adjusted without compromising on its social costs.
印度2015年的国家自主贡献目标是到2020年在一次能源结构中实现15%的可再生能源整合，以应对两摄氏度的气候变化目标。能源领域制定了相应战略，以在不影响其近期可持续发展目标的前提下实现这一目标。本研究通过追溯印度自1947年独立以来能源政策规划的历史轨迹，记录了这一战略努力。在回顾能源政策的演变过程时，采用了客观本体论方法，并将其划分为五个不同阶段。第一阶段（1947 - 1970年），重点是确保能源供应充足，总体上以基础设施发展作为印度经济的支柱。第二阶段（20世纪70年代），重点转向解决能源获取危机。第三阶段（20世纪80年代），基于能源安全目的，在能源供应方面进行增量、多样化和合理化调整。第四阶段（20世纪90年代），是印度整个电力系统的现代化时期。第五阶段（21世纪），是市场转型和减缓气候变化能源政策的当前阶段。对印度参与国际气候谈判政策的共同评估表明，印度仍然响应国际气候目标。在2001年批准《京都议定书》后，印度在可持续能源政策规划方面变得积极主动。从那时起，印度在实施严格的减排规范和效率措施方面发挥了重要作用。本综述得出结论，该国需要升级其效率低下且普遍被忽视的输配电网络。国内能源资源的补贴分配应进行合理调整，同时不影响其社会成本。
