Instituto Oceanográfico, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
NEPEA, Campus do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), São Vicente, Brazil.
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2020 Apr;78(3):463-477. doi: 10.1007/s00244-020-00710-5. Epub 2020 Feb 7.
The environmental quality of a Ramsar wetland site located at the Cananéia-Iguape-Peruíbe Protected Area (CIP-PA), in São Paulo, Brazil, was assessed by geochemical analyses and biomarker assessments (GPx, GST, GSH, GST, MT, LPO, DNA damage) performed in swimming crab Callinectes danae Smith, 1869 organs (posterior and anterior gills and hepatopancreas) to estimate sediment contaminant bioavailability. The results indicated that two sampling stations, PT and PM, exhibited the worst environmental conditions, as sediments collected at both points contained metal contamination, while crabs exhibited significant responses for GPx, GST, and LPO (mostly during winter). Sediment contamination tended to be associated to fine sediments (both seasons) and organic matter (winter). During the summer survey, Pb concentrations in sediments of station PT exceeded the Brazilian Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs) and the Canadian Interim Marine Sediment Quality Guidelines. Metal concentrations in sediments sampled in winter were higher compared with summer, with Co, Ni, and Pb exceeding SQGs levels at PT, whereas Co, Ni, Hg, Zn, and Pb exceeded SQGs at PM. Biomarker induction during summer appeared to be caused by natural variables (water salinity and temperature, and molting cycle), whereas oxidative stress and tissue damage during winter appeared to be more clearly linked to metal contamination. Anterior gills presented the clearest signs of seasonal variability, being more responsive to sediment contamination. The results suggest that metals originated from the upper Ribeira de Iguape River are transported toward the estuarine system, causing effects on C. danae individuals. Additionally, seasonality is a strong factor concerning CIP-PA toxicity, since the rainfall regime significantly modifies the freshwater flow and, consequently, estuarine water salinity, suspended particle and metal inputs, as well as the location of depositional areas. Thus, efforts to mitigate CIP-PA contamination should be based on the control of upstream pollution sources.
对位于巴西圣保罗坎内尼亚-伊瓜佩-秘鲁保护地区（CIP-PA）的拉姆萨尔湿地地点的环境质量进行了评估，该地区使用了地球化学分析和生物标志物评估（GPx、GST、GSH、GST、MT、LPO、DNA 损伤），评估对象为游泳蟹 Callinectes danae Smith，1869 器官（后鳃和前鳃以及肝胰腺），以估计沉积物污染物的生物利用度。结果表明，两个采样点 PT 和 PM 的环境条件最差，因为这两个点采集的沉积物都含有金属污染，而螃蟹的 GPx、GST 和 LPO 则表现出明显的反应（主要在冬季）。沉积物污染与细沉积物（两个季节）和有机物（冬季）有关。在夏季调查中，PT 站沉积物中的 Pb 浓度超过了巴西沉积物质量指南（SQGs）和加拿大临时海洋沉积物质量指南。冬季采集的沉积物中金属浓度高于夏季，PT 点的 Co、Ni 和 Pb 超过了 SQGs 水平，而 PM 点的 Co、Ni、Hg、Zn 和 Pb 则超过了 SQGs 水平。夏季的生物标志物诱导似乎是由自然变量（水盐度和温度，以及蜕皮周期）引起的，而冬季的氧化应激和组织损伤似乎与金属污染更密切相关。前鳃对季节性变化的反应最为明显，对沉积物污染的反应更为敏感。研究结果表明，源自上里贝拉伊瓜佩河的金属被输送到河口系统，对 C. danae 个体产生影响。此外，季节性是 CIP-PA 毒性的一个重要因素，因为降雨模式会显著改变淡水流量，进而影响河口的水盐度、悬浮颗粒和金属输入以及沉积区的位置。因此，减轻 CIP-PA 污染的努力应基于控制上游污染源。
