The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA.
J Interpers Violence. 2021 Dec;36(23-24):NP12997-NP13027. doi: 10.1177/0886260520903134. Epub 2020 Feb 11.
This study used two theoretical perspectives-coercive power and gender norms-to examine how gender affects victims' decisions to report physical assaults to the police. The coercive power perspective attributes gender differences in reporting to sex-linked physical coercive power differences that affect the harm of the crime and victims' personal safety. The gender norm perspective attributes gender differences in reporting to specific gender norms that influence crime reporting decisions. Using a sample of 18,627 nonintimate partner physical assaults from the National Crime Victimization Survey (1993-2015), crime reporting models demonstrated significantly better fit when they included the interaction between the victim's gender and the offender's gender than when they included only the main effects. In the sample, (a) female victims were 21.9% more likely to report to the police when the offender was male (vs. female) and (b) male victims were 45.8% more likely to report to the police when the offender was female (vs. male). Victims' tendency to report an opposite-sex offender to the police was strongest in simple assaults and absent in aggravated assaults. We conclude that male and female victims' reporting behaviors were most consistent with gender norms that encourage the use of self-help violence and discourage police reporting in intragender assaults. Consistent with this explanation, self-help violence was negatively related to crime reporting in assaults. Victims were more likely to use self-help violence and avoid reporting to the police against a same-sex offender than an opposite-sex offender. Finally, the offender's gender had a relatively stronger influence on assault victims' decisions to use self-help violence than on victims' decisions to take no action against the offender (i.e., not reporting to the police or using self-help violence).
本研究使用了两种理论视角——强制性权力和性别规范，来考察性别如何影响受害者向警方报告身体攻击的决定。强制性权力视角将报告中的性别差异归因于与性别相关的身体强制性权力差异，这些差异影响犯罪的伤害程度和受害者的个人安全。性别规范视角将报告中的性别差异归因于影响犯罪报告决策的特定性别规范。本研究使用了来自全国犯罪受害调查（1993-2015 年）的 18627 起非亲密伴侣身体攻击样本，犯罪报告模型在包括受害者性别和犯罪人性别之间的交互作用时，拟合度显著提高，而仅包括主要效应时则拟合度较差。在样本中，（a）当犯罪人是男性（相对于女性）时，女性受害者向警方报案的可能性高 21.9%；（b）当犯罪人是女性（相对于男性）时，男性受害者向警方报案的可能性高 45.8%。受害者向警方报告异性犯罪人的倾向在简单攻击中最强，在严重攻击中则不存在。我们得出结论，男性和女性受害者的报告行为最符合鼓励使用自助暴力和劝阻在同性别攻击中报警的性别规范。这一解释与自助暴力与攻击中犯罪报告呈负相关的事实一致。与异性犯罪人相比，受害者更有可能对同性犯罪人使用自助暴力并避免向警方报案。最后，犯罪人的性别对攻击受害者决定使用自助暴力的影响相对大于对受害者决定不对犯罪人采取行动（即不向警方报案或不使用自助暴力）的影响。
