Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania.
Am Psychol. 2020 Feb-Mar;75(2):265-273. doi: 10.1037/amp0000554.
In this article, insights from psychology and behavioral economics are identified that help explain why it is hard to maintain healthy eating habits in modern food environments. Most eating decisions engage System 1, rather than System 2, processing, making it difficult for people to consistently make healthy choices in food environments that encourage overconsumption of unhealthy foods. The psychological vulnerabilities discussed include emotions and associations mattering more than reason, difficulty processing complex information, present-biased preferences and planning fallacy, status quo bias and defaults, and susceptibility to unhealthy foods that are in sight and, therefore, in mind. The article argues that these insights should convince us that supporting healthy eating habits and reversing the worldwide obesity epidemic will occur only if our food environments are changed in substantial ways, largely through policy changes. Such policies include restrictions on food marketing, requiring uniform front-of-package nutrition labeling, changing unhealthy food and beverage defaults to healthy ones, and taxing unhealthy foods and beverages. Psychology and behavioral economics should inform the design of these policies to maximize their effectiveness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
本文从心理学和行为经济学中获得了一些见解，这些见解有助于解释为什么在现代食品环境中很难保持健康的饮食习惯。大多数饮食决策都涉及系统 1 处理，而不是系统 2 处理，这使得人们很难在鼓励过度食用不健康食品的食品环境中始终做出健康的选择。本文讨论的心理弱点包括情绪和联想比理性更重要、处理复杂信息的困难、当前偏好和计划谬误、现状偏见和默认以及易受可见和可想象的不健康食品的影响。本文认为，这些观点应该让我们相信，只有通过实质性的改变我们的食品环境，主要是通过政策的改变，才能支持健康的饮食习惯和扭转全球肥胖的流行。这些政策包括限制食品营销、要求统一的食品包装营养标签、将不健康的食品和饮料的默认设置改为健康的食品和饮料，以及对不健康的食品和饮料征税。心理学和行为经济学应该为这些政策的设计提供信息，以最大限度地提高其效果。（APA 心理文摘数据库记录（c）2020，保留所有权利）。
