Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.
Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany; Laboratory for MEMS Applications, Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.
Biosens Bioelectron. 2020 Apr 15;154:112069. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112069. Epub 2020 Feb 3.
Driven by the vision of robust and portable, yet sensitive DNA detection systems for point-of-need applications, the development of electrochemical DNA sensing principles has been of high interest. Many different principles have been developed and these are regularly reviewed. However, the maturity of electrochemical principles and their ability to produce competitive real-world applications is rarely assessed. In this review, general electrochemical DNA sensing principles are briefly introduced and categorized into heterogeneous vs. homogeneous approaches, and then the subcategories label-free vs. labeled and reagent-less vs. reagent-dependent principles. We then focus on reviewing the electrochemical sensing principles implemented in DNA detection systems, which are commercially available or close to market entry, considering the complete analysis process, automation and the field of application. This allows us to outline and discuss which principles have proved suitable for which kinds of applications, as well as the stage of integration and automation. Examples from all the identified categories of electrochemical DNA sensing principles have found application in commercial detection systems or advanced prototypes. Various applications have already been demonstrated, ranging from on-site skin care testing, to food safety to the most frequent in vitro diagnostic tests, partially conducted in automated sample-to-answer devices. Our review is intended to enable researchers in areas related to electrochemistry, biochemistry or microfluidics to assess the commercial state of the art of electrochemical nucleic acid testing, and the interdisciplinary challenges for further improvements.
受在即时应用场景中构建稳健、便携且灵敏的 DNA 检测系统的愿景驱动，电化学 DNA 传感原理的发展受到了广泛关注。人们已经开发出了许多不同的原理，并对其进行了定期的综述。然而，电化学原理的成熟度及其产生具有竞争力的实际应用的能力却很少被评估。在这篇综述中，我们简要介绍了一般的电化学 DNA 传感原理，并将其分为异质体系和均相体系，然后再细分为无标记和标记、无试剂和有试剂的原理。接着，我们聚焦于审查那些在 DNA 检测系统中得到应用的电化学传感原理，这些系统要么已经商业化，要么即将推向市场，我们会考虑完整的分析流程、自动化和应用领域。这使我们能够概述和讨论哪些原理适合哪些类型的应用，以及整合和自动化的阶段。所有已识别的电化学 DNA 传感原理类别都有实例已经在商业检测系统或高级原型中得到应用。已经展示了各种应用，从现场皮肤护理测试到食品安全，再到最常见的体外诊断测试，部分测试是在自动化的样本到答案设备中进行的。我们的综述旨在使电化学、生物化学或微流控领域的研究人员能够评估电化学核酸检测的商业现状，以及进一步改进所面临的跨学科挑战。
