Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand.
Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Neuropharmacology. 2020 May 1;167:107911. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107911. Epub 2019 Dec 10.
Mammalian pregnancy and lactation is accompanied by a period of infertility that takes place in the midst of a sustained increase in food intake. Indeed, successful reproduction in females is dependent on co-ordination of the distinct systems that regulate reproduction and metabolism. Rather than arising from different mechanisms during pregnancy and lactation, we propose that elevations in lactogenic hormones (predominant among these being prolactin and the placental lactogens), are ideally placed to influence both of these systems at the appropriate time. We review the literature examining the impacts of lactogens on fertility and energy homeostasis in the virgin state, during pregnancy and lactation and potential long-term impacts of reproductive experience. Taken together, the literature indicates that duration and pattern of lactogen exposure is a vital factor in the ability of these hormones to alter reproduction and food intake. Transient increases in prolactin, as typically seen in healthy virgin females and males, are unable to exert lasting impacts. Importantly, both suppression of fertility and increased food intake are only observed following exposure to chronically-elevated levels of lactogens. Physiologically, the only time this pattern of lactogenic secretion is maintained in the healthy female is during pregnancy and lactation, when co-ordination between these regulatory systems emerges. This article is part of the special issue on 'Neuropeptides'.
哺乳动物的怀孕和哺乳伴随着一段不孕期，这段时间里，食物摄入量持续增加。事实上，女性的成功繁殖依赖于调节生殖和代谢的不同系统的协调。我们提出，泌乳激素（其中主要是催乳素和胎盘催乳素）的升高并不是在怀孕和哺乳期间产生不同的机制，而是在适当的时间内，理想地影响这两个系统。我们回顾了文献，研究了泌乳激素对生育能力和能量平衡的影响，以及生殖经验对长期的潜在影响。总的来说，文献表明，泌乳激素暴露的持续时间和模式是这些激素改变生殖和食物摄入能力的一个重要因素。健康的处女女性和男性通常会出现短暂的催乳素升高，但这种升高并不能产生持久的影响。重要的是，只有在长期暴露于高水平的泌乳激素时，才会观察到生育能力的抑制和食物摄入的增加。从生理上讲，健康女性唯一能维持这种泌乳激素分泌模式的时间是在怀孕和哺乳期间，此时这些调节系统之间出现了协调。本文是“神经肽”特刊的一部分。
