CCL3 Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment.

Within the tumor microenvironment, chemokines play a key role in immune cell trafficking regulation and immune landscape formulation. CCL3 or macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), an important chemokine implicated in both immune surveillance and tolerance, has emerged as a prognostic biomarker in both solid and hematological malignancies. CCL3 exerts both antitumor and pro-tumor behavior which is context dependent highlighting the complexity of the underlying interrelated signaling cascades. Current CCL3-directed therapeutic approaches are investigational and further optimization is required to increase efficacy and minimize adverse events.