Källestål Carina, Blandón Elmer Zelaya, Peña Rodolfo, Peréz Wilton, Contreras Mariela, Persson Lars-Åke, Sysoev Oleg, Selling Katarina Ekholm
Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
Asociación para el Desarrollo Económico y Sostenible de El Espino (APRODESE), Chinandega, Nicaragua.
Front Public Health. 2020 Jan 29;7:409. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00409. eCollection 2019.
We identified clusters of multiple dimensions of poverty according to the capability approach theory by applying data mining approaches to the Cuatro Santos Health and Demographic Surveillance database, Nicaragua. Four municipalities in northern Nicaragua constitute the Cuatro Santos area, with 25,893 inhabitants in 5,966 households (2014). A local process analyzing poverty-related problems, prioritizing suggested actions, was initiated in 1997 and generated a community action plan 2002-2015. Interventions were school breakfasts, environmental protection, water and sanitation, preventive healthcare, home gardening, microcredit, technical training, university education stipends, and use of the Internet. In 2004, a survey of basic health and demographic information was performed in the whole population, followed by surveillance updates in 2007, 2009, and 2014 linking households and individuals. Information included the house material (floor, walls) and services (water, sanitation, electricity) as well as demographic data (birth, deaths, migration). Data on participation in interventions, food security, household assets, and women's self-rated health were collected in 2014. A K-means algorithm was used to cluster the household data (56 variables) in six clusters. The poverty ranking of household clusters using the unsatisfied basic needs index variables changed when including variables describing basic capabilities. The households in the fairly rich cluster with assets such as motorbikes and computers were described as modern. Those in the fairly poor cluster, having different degrees of food insecurity, were labeled vulnerable. Poor and poorest clusters of households were traditional, e.g., in using horses for transport. Results displayed a society transforming from traditional to modern, where the forerunners were not the richest but educated, had more working members in household, had fewer children, and were food secure. Those lagging were the poor, traditional, and food insecure. The approach may be useful for an improved understanding of poverty and to direct local policy and interventions.
我们通过对尼加拉瓜夸特罗桑托斯健康与人口监测数据库应用数据挖掘方法，根据能力方法理论确定了多维度贫困集群。尼加拉瓜北部的四个市镇构成了夸特罗桑托斯地区，2014年有5966户家庭，共25893名居民。1997年启动了一个分析贫困相关问题、对建议行动进行优先排序的地方进程，并制定了2002 - 2015年社区行动计划。干预措施包括学校早餐、环境保护、水与卫生设施、预防保健、家庭园艺、小额信贷、技术培训、大学教育助学金以及互联网使用。2004年，对全体人口进行了基本健康和人口信息调查，随后在2007年、2009年和2014年进行了监测更新，将家庭和个人联系起来。信息包括房屋材料（地板、墙壁）和服务（水、卫生设施、电力）以及人口数据（出生、死亡、迁移）。2014年收集了关于参与干预措施、粮食安全、家庭资产和妇女自评健康的数据。使用K均值算法将家庭数据（56个变量）聚类为六个集群。当纳入描述基本能力的变量时，使用未满足的基本需求指数变量对家庭集群的贫困排名发生了变化。拥有摩托车和电脑等资产的相当富裕集群中的家庭被描述为现代家庭。相当贫困集群中的家庭存在不同程度的粮食不安全，被标记为脆弱家庭。贫困和最贫困的家庭集群是传统的，例如使用马匹作为交通工具。结果显示社会正在从传统向现代转变，其中先驱者不是最富有的人，而是受过教育、家庭中有更多工作成员、子女较少且粮食安全的人。落后的是贫困、传统且粮食不安全的人。该方法可能有助于更好地理解贫困，并指导地方政策和干预措施。
