Frei Andreas, Ilic Andrea
Fachstelle Forensik, Erwachsenenpsychiatrie Baselland, Liestal, Switzerland.
Department of Child and Adolescent Forensic Psychiatry, Universitäre Psychiatrische Kliniken Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Crim Behav Ment Health. 2020 Feb;30(1):28-37. doi: 10.1002/cbm.2140. Epub 2020 Feb 17.
Familicide is defined as the killing of a whole family and, numerically, a form of "mass murder" (more-or-less three simultaneous killings). Switzerland has a lower rate of homicide than most other countries but a comparatively high share of homicides within the family.
The aim of this study is to describe a complete national sample of familicides and compare them with other types of mass murders in the country over the same period.
All cases of three or more unlawful homicides in one event in Switzerland between 1972 and 2015 were identified from court records and socio-demographic, criminological, and psychological variables were extracted. Given small numbers, we rely on narrative comparisons.
There were 20 familicides in the 43-year study, with 82 victims between them as well as six felony-associated mass murders accounting for 19 victims and nine public mass murders with 44 victims. Only one familicide was a woman; mean age was 39.5 years (range 19-57 years). Most were in employment. Only four had a prior psychiatric history. Nine had a history of violent or intrusive behaviour, but a prior criminal conviction was rare. In all but one case there was evidence of psychosocial stressors; eight men were facing separation from a spouse. Just over half used guns, but only three used army weapons. The main difference between the familicides and the other mass killers was the much higher rate of suicide among the familicides.
Familicides in Switzerland appear to be rare suicidal acts, generally carried out by previously successful and apparently stable middle-aged men with often an inconspicuous psychiatric history or criminal record, differing considerably from other groups of mass killers. Expert responses, like the recently established multidisciplinary "threat management boards" in Switzerland, should bear in mind that the likely competent men involved may be good at covering their intent even from themselves.
杀亲被定义为杀害整个家庭，从数量上来说，是“大屠杀”的一种形式（大致为同时杀害三人左右）。瑞士的凶杀率低于大多数其他国家，但家庭内部凶杀案所占比例相对较高。
本研究的目的是描述一个完整的全国杀亲案例样本，并将其与该国同期的其他类型大屠杀进行比较。
从法庭记录中识别出1972年至2015年间瑞士在同一事件中发生三起或更多起非法杀人的所有案例，并提取社会人口统计学、犯罪学和心理学变量。由于数量较少，我们采用叙述性比较。
在43年的研究中有20起杀亲案，共有82名受害者，还有6起与重罪相关的大屠杀造成19名受害者，9起公众大屠杀造成44名受害者。只有一起杀亲案的凶手是女性；平均年龄为39.5岁（范围为19至57岁）。大多数凶手有工作。只有四人有精神病史。九人有暴力或侵扰行为史，但此前很少有犯罪定罪记录。除一起案件外，其他所有案件都有社会心理压力源的证据；八名男性面临与配偶分居。略多于一半的人使用枪支，但只有三人使用军用武器。杀亲者与其他大规模杀人者的主要区别在于杀亲者的自杀率要高得多。
瑞士的杀亲案似乎是罕见的自杀行为，通常由此前成功且表面稳定的中年男性实施，他们往往没有明显的精神病史或犯罪记录，与其他大规模杀人者群体有很大不同。专业应对措施，比如瑞士最近设立的多学科“威胁管理委员会”，应该记住，涉案的可能有能力的男性可能善于隐藏自己的意图，甚至对自己也是如此。
