Ebbrecht Christopher Kehlet, Lindekilde Lasse
Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
Department of Political Science, School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
Front Psychol. 2023 Jan 17;13:995818. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.995818. eCollection 2022.
Over the last decade, western societies have experienced an increase in acts of mass violence carried out by lone actors. While this concept is mostly associated with lone-actor terrorists, it also involves the actions of other single perpetrators, e.g., school shooters, workplace attackers, rampage shooters, and some forms of incel violence. In this article, we argue in favor of moving away from such categorization of violent lone-actor types and toward the unifying concept of lone-actor grievance-fueled violence. We illustrate the analytical benefits gained from such a conceptual shift by analyzing the Danish Aarhus University Shooting in 1994, where a single offender killed two students. While this attack is widely accepted as the only Danish school shooting in history, we identify signs of an extremist misogynist worldview held by what we today would call incels. This case serves as an illustration of the blurred and context-sensitive boundaries between violent lone-actor types and how nuances in offender motivation can be lost when lone-actor attacks are classified within a typological framework. Rather than simply recasting the Aarhus University Shooting as an incel attack considering the recent development of this category, we argue for the need to embrace the conceptualization of lone-actor grievance-fueled violence, which points toward the common genesis of lone-actor violence and allows for multi-faceted offender motivations. Using the Aarhus University shooting as a steppingstone, we discuss the pitfalls of lone-actor violence typologies and the advantages of the unifying lone-actor grievance-fueled violence conceptualization for both academia and practice.
在过去十年中，西方社会经历了由单独行动者实施的大规模暴力行为的增加。虽然这个概念主要与单独行动的恐怖分子相关，但它也涉及其他单个犯罪者的行为，例如校园枪手、 workplace攻击者、狂暴枪手以及某些形式的非自愿独身者暴力行为。在本文中，我们主张摒弃对暴力单独行动者类型的这种分类方式，转而采用由不满情绪驱动的单独行动者暴力这一统一概念。通过分析1994年丹麦奥胡斯大学枪击案（一名犯罪者杀害了两名学生），我们阐述了这种概念转变所带来的分析益处。虽然这次袭击被广泛认为是丹麦历史上唯一的校园枪击案，但我们发现了我们今天所称的非自愿独身者持有极端厌女主义世界观的迹象。这个案例说明了暴力单独行动者类型之间模糊且依赖背景的界限，以及在将单独行动者袭击归类于类型学框架内时，犯罪者动机的细微差别是如何可能被忽略的。考虑到这一类别最近的发展，我们并非简单地将奥胡斯大学枪击案重新归类为非自愿独身者袭击，而是主张需要接受由不满情绪驱动的单独行动者暴力这一概念化方式，它指向单独行动者暴力的共同根源，并允许存在多方面的犯罪者动机。以奥胡斯大学枪击案为垫脚石，我们讨论了单独行动者暴力类型学的缺陷以及由不满情绪驱动的单独行动者暴力这一统一概念化方式对学术界和实践的优势。
