Ban Loren, Yoder Bruce L, Signorell Ruth
Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; email:
Annu Rev Phys Chem. 2020 Apr 20;71:315-334. doi: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-071719-022655. Epub 2020 Feb 19.
Intriguing properties of photoemission from free, unsupported particles and droplets were predicted nearly 50 years ago, though experiments were a technical challenge. The last few decades have seen a surge of research in the field, due to advances in aerosol technology (generation, characterization, and transfer into vacuum), the development of photoelectron imaging spectrometers, and advances in vacuum ultraviolet and ultrafast light sources. Particles and droplets offer several advantages for photoemission studies. For example, photoemission spectra are dependent on the particle's size, shape, and composition, providing a wealth of information that allows for the retrieval of genuine electronic properties of condensed phase. In this review, with a focus on submicrometer-sized, dielectric particles and droplets, we explain the utility of photoemission from such systems, summarize several applications from the literature, and present some thoughts on future research directions.
近50年前就有人预测了自由、无支撑的颗粒和液滴的光发射具有引人入胜的特性，不过实验是一项技术挑战。由于气溶胶技术（生成、表征以及转移到真空环境）的进步、光电子成像光谱仪的发展以及真空紫外和超快光源的进步，在过去几十年里该领域的研究激增。颗粒和液滴为光发射研究提供了几个优势。例如，光发射光谱取决于颗粒的大小、形状和组成，提供了丰富的信息，从而能够获取凝聚相真正的电子特性。在本综述中，我们聚焦于亚微米尺寸的介电颗粒和液滴，解释此类系统光发射的用途，总结文献中的一些应用，并对未来的研究方向提出一些想法。
