Cofactor Engineering Redirects Secondary Metabolism and Enhances Erythromycin Production in .

is used for industrial erythromycin production. To explore the physiological role of intracellular energy state in metabolic regulation by , we initially overexpressed the F part of the endogenous FF-ATPase in the high yielding erythromycin producing strain E3. The F-ATPase expression resulted in lower [ATP]/[ADP] ratios, which was accompanied by a strong increase in the production of a reddish pigment and a decreased erythromycin production. Subsequent transcriptional analysis revealed that the lower intracellular [ATP]/[ADP] ratios exerted a pleotropic regulation on the metabolism of . The lower [ATP]/[ADP] ratios induced physiological changes to restore the energy balance, mainly via pathways that tend to produce ATP or regenerate NADH. The F-ATPase overexpression strain exhibited a state of redox stress, which was correlated to an alteration of electron transport at the branch of the terminal oxidases, and channeled the enhanced glycolytic flux toward a reddish pigment in order to reduce NADH formation. The production of erythromycin was decreased, which is in accordance with the net ATP requirement and the excess NADH formed through this pathway. Partial growth inhibition by apramycin increased the intracellular [ATP]/[ADP] ratios and demonstrated a positive correlation between [ATP]/[ADP] ratios and erythromycin synthesis. Finally, overexpression of the entire FF-ATPase complex resulted in 28% enhanced erythromycin production and markedly reduced pigment synthesis in E3. The work illustrates a feasible strategy to optimize the distribution of fluxes in secondary metabolism.