Aquilué Núria, Filotas Élise, Craven Dylan, Fortin Marie-Josée, Brotons Lluís, Messier Christian
CEF, Université du Québec à Montréal, Centre d'étude de la forêt, uqam Case postale 8888, succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3P8, Canada.
InForest Joint Research Unit, CTFC, Solsona, Catalunya, Spain.
Ecol Appl. 2020 Jul;30(5):e02095. doi: 10.1002/eap.2095. Epub 2020 Mar 23.
Ecosystem functions provided by forests are threatened by direct and indirect effects of global change drivers such as climate warming land-use change, biological invasions, and shifting natural disturbance regimes. To develop resilience-based forest management, new tools and methods are needed to quantitatively estimate forest resilience to management and future natural disturbances. We propose a multidimensional evaluation of ecological resilience based on species functional response traits (e.g., functional response diversity and functional redundancy) and network properties of forested patches (e.g., connectivity, modularity, and centrality). Using a fragmented rural landscape in temperate south-eastern Canada as a reference landscape, we apply our multidimensional approach to evaluate two alternative management strategies at three levels of intensity: (1) functional enrichment of current forest patches and (2) multi-species plantations in previously non-forested patches. Within each management strategy, planted species are selected to maximize functional diversity, drought tolerance, or pest resistance. We further compare how ecological resilience under these alternative management strategies responds to three simulated disturbances: drought, pest outbreak, and timber harvesting. We found that both management strategies enhance resilience at the landscape scale by increasing functional response diversity and connectivity. Specifically, when the less functionally diverse patches are prioritized for management, functional enrichment is more effective than the establishment of new multi-species plantations in increasing resilience. In addition, randomly allocated multi-species plantations increased connectivity more than those allocated in riparian areas. Our results show that across various management strategies, planting species to enhance biodiversity led to the highest increase in functional response diversity while planting pest-resistant species led to the highest increase in landscape connectivity. Planting biodiversity-enhancing species (i.e., species that maximize functional diversity) mitigated drought effects equally well as planting with drought-tolerant species. Our multidimensional approach facilitates the characterization at the landscape scale of forest resilience to disturbances using both functional diversity and network properties while accounting for the importance of response traits to future disturbances. The simulation approach we used can be applied to forest landscapes across different biomes for the evaluation and comparison of forest management initiatives to enhance resilience.
森林所提供的生态系统功能受到全球变化驱动因素的直接和间接影响的威胁，这些驱动因素包括气候变暖、土地利用变化、生物入侵以及自然干扰格局的改变。为了开展基于恢复力的森林管理，需要新的工具和方法来定量评估森林对管理和未来自然干扰的恢复力。我们提出基于物种功能响应特征（如功能响应多样性和功能冗余）以及森林斑块的网络属性（如连通性、模块性和中心性）对生态恢复力进行多维度评估。以加拿大东南部温带地区的一个破碎化乡村景观作为参考景观，我们应用多维度方法在三个强度水平上评估两种替代管理策略：（1）当前森林斑块的功能富集，以及（2）在先前非森林斑块中进行多物种种植。在每种管理策略中，选择种植物种以最大化功能多样性、耐旱性或抗虫性。我们进一步比较这些替代管理策略下的生态恢复力如何应对三种模拟干扰：干旱、虫害爆发和木材采伐。我们发现，两种管理策略都通过增加功能响应多样性和连通性来提高景观尺度的恢复力。具体而言，当优先管理功能多样性较低的斑块时，功能富集在提高恢复力方面比建立新的多物种种植园更有效。此外，随机分配的多物种种植园比分配在河岸地区的种植园增加连通性更多。我们的结果表明，在各种管理策略中，种植物种以增强生物多样性导致功能响应多样性增加最多，而种植抗虫物种导致景观连通性增加最多。种植增强生物多样性的物种（即最大化功能多样性的物种）减轻干旱影响的效果与种植耐旱物种一样好。我们的多维度方法有助于在景观尺度上利用功能多样性和网络属性来表征森林对干扰的恢复力，同时考虑响应特征对未来干扰的重要性。我们使用的模拟方法可应用于不同生物群落的森林景观，以评估和比较森林管理举措以提高恢复力。
