School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China.
PLoS One. 2020 Feb 24;15(2):e0229205. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229205. eCollection 2020.
Given their geographical proximity but differences in cultural and religious dietary customs, we hypothesize that children from the three main ethnic populations (Han, Hui, and Tibetan) residing in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau region differs in their non-iatrogenic antibiotic loads.
To determine the antibiotic burden of the school children unrelated to medical treatment, we quantified the antibiotic residues in morning urine samples from 92 Han, 72 Tibetan, and 85 Muslim Hui primary school children aged 8 to 12 years using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and performed correlation analysis between these data and concurrent dietary nutrition assessments.
Sixteen of the 18 targeted antibiotics (4 macrolides, 3 β-lactams, 2 tetracyclines, 4 quinolones, 3 sulfonamides, and 2 aminoanols) were identified in the urine samples with an overall detection frequency of 58.63%. The detection frequency of the six antibiotic classes ranged from 1.61% to 32.53% with ofloxacin showing the single highest frequency (18.47%). Paired comparison analysis revealed significant differences in antibiotic distribution frequency among groups, with Tibetans having higher enrofloxacin (P = 0.015) and oxytetracycline (P = 0.021) than Han children. Norfloxacin (a human/veterinary antibiotic) was significantly higher in the Hui children than in the Han children (P = 0.024). Dietary nutrient intake assessments were comparable among participants, showing adequate levels of essential vitamins and minerals across all three ethnic groups. However, significant differences in specific foods were observed among groups, notably in lower fat consumption in the Hui group.
The introduction and accumulation of antibiotic residues in school children through non-iatrogenic routes (food or environmental sources) poses a serious potential health risk and merits closer scrutiny to determine the sources. While the exact sources of misused or overused antibiotics remains unclear, further study can potentially correlate ethnicity-specific dietary practices with the sources of contamination.
考虑到地理位置的接近以及文化和宗教饮食习俗的差异，我们假设居住在青藏高原地区的三个主要民族（汉族、回族和藏族）的儿童在非医源性抗生素负荷方面存在差异。
为了确定与治疗无关的儿童抗生素负担，我们使用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法对 92 名汉族、72 名藏族和 85 名穆斯林回族小学生的晨尿样本中的抗生素残留进行了定量分析，并对这些数据与同期膳食营养评估进行了相关性分析。
在尿样中鉴定出 18 种目标抗生素中的 16 种（4 种大环内酯类、3 种β-内酰胺类、2 种四环素类、4 种喹诺酮类、3 种磺胺类和 2 种氨基醇类），总体检测频率为 58.63%。六种抗生素类别的检测频率从 1.61%到 32.53%不等，其中氧氟沙星的检出率最高（18.47%）。配对比较分析显示，各组抗生素分布频率存在显著差异，藏族儿童的恩诺沙星（P=0.015）和土霉素（P=0.021）检出率高于汉族儿童。回族儿童的诺氟沙星（人用/兽用抗生素）显著高于汉族儿童（P=0.024）。参与者的膳食营养摄入评估结果相当，三个民族的必需维生素和矿物质摄入水平均充足。然而，组间观察到特定食物存在显著差异，尤其是回族组的脂肪摄入量较低。
通过非医源性途径（食物或环境来源）引入和积累抗生素残留对儿童健康构成严重潜在风险，值得进一步研究以确定来源。虽然抗生素滥用或过度使用的确切来源尚不清楚，但进一步的研究可能会将特定民族的饮食实践与污染来源相关联。
