Clinical application of hepatocyte transplantation: current status, applicability, limitations, and future outlook.

: Hepatocyte transplantation (HT) is a promising alternative to liver transplantation for the treatment of liver-based metabolic diseases and acute liver failure (ALF). However, shortage of good-quality liver tissues, early cell loss post-infusion, reduced cell engraftment and function restricts clinical application.: A comprehensive literature search was performed to cover pre-clinical and clinical HT studies. The review discusses the latest developments to address HT limitations: cell sources from marginal/suboptimal donors to neonatal livers, differentiating pluripotent stem cells into hepatocyte-like cells, expansion, prevention of immune response to transplanted cells by encapsulation or using innate immunity-inhibiting agents, and enhancing engraftment through partial hepatectomy or irradiation.: To date, published data are highly encouraging specially the alginate-encapsulated hepatocyte treatment of children with ALF. Hepatocyte functions can be further improved through co-culturing with mesenchymal stromal cells. Moreover, genetic correction will enable the use of autologous cells in future personalized medicine.