Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES, Bonn, Germany.
Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland.
Plant Cell Environ. 2020 May;43(5):1160-1174. doi: 10.1111/pce.13728. Epub 2020 Feb 27.
Plant-parasitic cyst nematodes induce hypermetabolic syncytial nurse cells in the roots of their host plants. Syncytia are their only food source. Cyst nematodes are sexually dimorphic, with their differentiation into male or female strongly influenced by host environmental conditions. Under favourable conditions with plenty of nutrients, more females develop, whereas mainly male nematodes develop under adverse conditions such as in resistant plants. Here, we developed and validated a method to predict the sex of beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii) during the early stages of its parasitism in the host plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We collected root segments containing male-associated syncytia (MAS) or female-associated syncytia (FAS), isolated syncytial cells by laser microdissection, and performed a comparative transcriptome analysis. Genes belonging to categories of defence, nutrient deficiency, and nutrient starvation were over-represented in MAS as compared with FAS. Conversely, gene categories related to metabolism, modification, and biosynthesis of cell walls were over-represented in FAS. We used β-glucuronidase analysis, qRT-PCR, and loss-of-function mutants to characterize FAS- and MAS-specific candidate genes. Our results demonstrate that various plant-based factors, including immune response, nutrient availability, and structural modifications, influence the sexual fate of the cyst nematodes.
植物寄生性胞囊线虫在宿主植物的根部诱导超代谢合胞体营养细胞。合胞体是它们唯一的食物来源。胞囊线虫具有性二态性，其雄性或雌性的分化强烈受宿主环境条件的影响。在营养丰富的有利条件下，会发育出更多的雌性，而在不利条件下，如在抗性植物中，则主要发育雄性线虫。在这里，我们开发并验证了一种方法，可在甜菜胞囊线虫（Heterodera schachtii）寄生在宿主拟南芥的早期阶段预测其性别。我们收集了含有雄性相关合胞体（MAS）或雌性相关合胞体（FAS）的根段，通过激光显微切割分离合胞体细胞，并进行了比较转录组分析。与 FAS 相比，MAS 中属于防御、营养缺乏和营养饥饿类别的基因过度表达。相反，与代谢、细胞壁修饰和生物合成相关的基因类别在 FAS 中过度表达。我们使用β-葡萄糖醛酸酶分析、qRT-PCR 和功能丧失突变体来表征 FAS 和 MAS 特异性候选基因。我们的结果表明，各种植物相关因素，包括免疫反应、养分供应和结构修饰，影响胞囊线虫的性命运。
