Donlan Alexandra, Petri William A
Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia.
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia.
Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2020 Mar;33(2):67-72. doi: 10.1055/s-0040-1701231. Epub 2020 Feb 25.
(reclassified as " ") is the leading cause of hospital-acquired infections in the United States, and is associated with high-patient mortality and high rates of recurrence. Inflammasome priming and activation by the bacterial toxins, , , and transferase (CDT), initiates a potent immune response that is characterized by interleukin- (IL) 8, IL-1β, and neutrophil recruitment, and is required for pathogen killing. However, it is becoming clearer that a strong inflammatory response during infection can result in host tissue damage, and is associated with worse patient outcome. Recent work has begun to show that a type-2 immune response, most often associated with helminth infections, allergy, and asthma, may be protective during infection. While the mechanisms through how this response protect are still unclear, there is evidence that it is mediated through eosinophil activity. This chapter will review the immune response to how the inflammasome signaling during infection can deleterious to the host, as well as the current understanding of a protective type-2 immunity. Understanding the host immune response may help to provide insight into novel approaches to prognosis markers, as well as how treat patient infection without, or in addition to, antibiotics.
（重新分类为“ ”）是美国医院获得性感染的主要原因，并且与高患者死亡率和高复发率相关。细菌毒素 、 、 和转移酶（CDT）引发的炎性小体启动和激活，引发了以白细胞介素-（IL）8、IL-1β和中性粒细胞募集为特征的强效免疫反应，这是杀灭病原体所必需的。然而，越来越清楚的是， 感染期间强烈的炎症反应会导致宿主组织损伤，并与更差的患者预后相关。最近的研究开始表明，最常与蠕虫感染、过敏和哮喘相关的2型免疫反应在 感染期间可能具有保护作用。虽然这种反应如何发挥保护作用的机制仍不清楚，但有证据表明它是通过嗜酸性粒细胞活性介导的。本章将综述对 的免疫反应、感染期间炎性小体信号传导如何对宿主有害，以及目前对保护性2型免疫的理解。了解宿主免疫反应可能有助于深入了解预后标志物的新方法，以及如何在不使用抗生素或除使用抗生素外治疗患者的 感染。
