Waller B M, Julle-Daniere E, Micheletta J
Centre for Comparative and Evolutionary Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom.
Centre for Comparative and Evolutionary Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2020 Jun;113:1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.02.031. Epub 2020 Feb 24.
Darwin observed that form, and in his view, meaning, of facial behaviour (observable changes in the appearance of the face, often termed facial 'expression') is similar between a wide range of species and concluded that this must be due to a shared ancestral origin. Yet, as with all social behaviours, exactly how to define similarity and determine homology is debated. Facial behaviour is linked to specific facial muscle movements, so one important factor in determining homology is the anatomical basis of facial behaviours that appear similar in both appearance and social function. The Facial Action Coding System (FACS) was developed for the scientific measurement of human facial behaviour and is based on individual facial muscle movements (Ekman and Friesen, 1978). FACS has since been modified for use with various non-human primate species (chimpanzees, macaques, hylobatids, orangutans) and domestic species (dogs, cats, horses). These FACS can be used to trace continuity of form in facial behaviour across species and build a better understanding of the evolution of facial communication in mammals.
达尔文观察到，在他看来，面部行为的形式以及意义（面部外观的可观察到的变化，通常称为面部“表情”）在广泛的物种之间是相似的，并得出结论，这一定是由于共同的祖先起源。然而，与所有社会行为一样，究竟如何定义相似性以及确定同源性存在争议。面部行为与特定的面部肌肉运动相关联，因此确定同源性的一个重要因素是在外观和社会功能上都相似的面部行为的解剖学基础。面部动作编码系统（FACS）是为科学测量人类面部行为而开发的，它基于个体面部肌肉运动（埃克曼和弗里森，1978年）。此后，FACS已被修改用于各种非人类灵长类物种（黑猩猩、猕猴、长臂猿、猩猩）和家养物种（狗、猫、马）。这些FACS可用于追踪跨物种面部行为形式的连续性，并更好地理解哺乳动物面部交流的进化。
