Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstr. 1, D-80336, Munich, Germany; Institute of Public Health, Medical Decision Making and Health Technology Assessment, Department of Public Health, Health Services Research and Health Technology Assessment, UMIT (Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology), Eduard Wallnoefer Zentrum 1, A-6060, Hall i.T., Austria.
Institute of Public Health, Medical Decision Making and Health Technology Assessment, Department of Public Health, Health Services Research and Health Technology Assessment, UMIT (Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology), Eduard Wallnoefer Zentrum 1, A-6060, Hall i.T., Austria; Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Nussbaumstraße 26, D-80336, Munich, Germany.
Environ Res. 2020 May;184:109266. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109266. Epub 2020 Feb 20.
In Kadoma (Zimbabwe) gold is extracted from ore based on a simple technology using mercury. Women are exposed whilst living in an exposed area, or even more working directly with mercury. Breast fed infants are exposed via mercury contaminated milk and the general environmental mercury exposure. The aim of the study was to measure infants and mothers levels of mercury in urine and hair, as well as in breast milk. In 2006, an environmental epidemiological field study with 120 mother - child pairs was conducted. A non exposed control group (n = 42) was compared with a medium exposed group (n = 51) and a high exposed group (occupational exposure, n = 27). Urine and hair samples from mother and infants plus breast milk samples were analyzed for total mercury. 120 breast milk samples were analyzed, median (maximum) concentrations [μg Hg/l] were (i) control group < 0.50 (1.55), (ii) medium exposed group 1.10 (10.48), (iii) high exposed group 1.20 (24.80) (p < 0,001). Urine and hair results were distributed similarly for infants and mothers, with higher levels according to the exposure subgroup. All specimen results correlated very well with another, indicating there is a pathway between breast milk and infant's level of mercury. The daily uptake of mercury via breast milk was calculated. The reference dose of 0.3°[μg Hg/kg BW/d] was used to compare the burden of the infants. No infant from the control group, but 17.6% of the medium and 18.5% of the high exposed group were above the reference dose. Mercury in breast milk is generally higher in artisanal and small scale gold mining areas. Breast fed infants were burdened with toxic mercury via breast milk and via the general environment, both are important public health issues.
在津巴布韦的卡多马，人们采用一种简单的汞提取技术从矿石中提取黄金。当地妇女生活在暴露环境中时会受到汞暴露，甚至在直接接触汞时也会受到汞暴露。哺乳期婴儿会通过受汞污染的母乳以及一般环境中的汞暴露而受到影响。本研究的目的是测量婴儿和母亲尿液、头发以及母乳中的汞含量。2006 年，进行了一项环境流行病学实地研究，涉及 120 对母婴。将一个无暴露对照组（n=42）与一个中度暴露组（n=51）和一个高度暴露组（职业暴露，n=27）进行了比较。对母亲和婴儿的尿液和头发样本以及母乳样本进行了总汞分析。分析了 120 份母乳样本，中位数（最大值）浓度[μg Hg/l]分别为：（i）对照组<0.50（1.55）；（ii）中度暴露组 1.10（10.48）；（iii）高度暴露组 1.20（24.80）（p<0.001）。婴儿和母亲的尿液和头发结果分布相似，根据暴露亚组，水平更高。所有标本的结果相关性非常好，表明母乳与婴儿体内的汞水平之间存在关联。通过母乳计算出每日汞的摄取量。采用参考剂量 0.3μg Hg/kg BW/d 来比较婴儿的负担。对照组没有婴儿超过参考剂量，但中度暴露组有 17.6%，高度暴露组有 18.5%超过了参考剂量。母乳中的汞在手工和小规模采金区通常更高。哺乳期婴儿通过母乳和一般环境受到有毒汞的影响，这两个都是重要的公共卫生问题。
