Röösli Martin
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
G Ital Med Lav Ergon. 2019 Dec;41(4):324-327.
Several decades of research provides compelling evidence that exposure to air pollution causes various diseases. Time series studies in Europe and the USA examined the short term effects on mortality and found about 1% increase for cardiovascular mortality per 10 μg/m3 increase in daily PM2.5 concentration. A comprehensive analysis of 12 European cohort studies addressing the long term effects found a 13% increased risk of coronary events per 5 μg/m3 increase in estimated annual mean PM2.5. Noise exposure triggers an increase in sympathetic responses (fight-flight reactions) and increased release of corticoids (defeat reactions). In 2018 the World Health Organization has published new Environmental Noise Guidelines reporting an 8% increase in risk of incident ischemic heart disease per 10 dB(A) increase in road traffic noise exposure. Transportation noise and air pollution impact health through different pathways, though they also share many biologic pathways. In a recent cohort study, we did not find indications for synergistic or antagonistic effects from combined exposure to noise and air pollution. A study estimating the Environmental Burden of Disease in Europe concluded that ambient air pollution and transportation noise are the two most relevant environmental stressors for the population living in Europe.
几十年的研究提供了令人信服的证据，表明接触空气污染会引发各种疾病。欧洲和美国的时间序列研究考察了空气污染对死亡率的短期影响，发现每日细颗粒物（PM2.5）浓度每增加10微克/立方米，心血管疾病死亡率约上升1%。一项对12项欧洲队列研究的综合分析探讨了长期影响，结果显示估计的年均PM2.5每增加5微克/立方米，冠心病事件风险增加13%。噪声暴露会引发交感神经反应（战斗或逃跑反应）增强以及皮质醇释放增加（战败反应）。2018年，世界卫生组织发布了新的《环境噪声指南》，报告道路交通噪声暴露每增加10分贝（A），缺血性心脏病发病风险增加8%。交通噪声和空气污染通过不同途径影响健康，不过它们也有许多共同的生物学途径。在最近的一项队列研究中，我们未发现噪声与空气污染联合暴露产生协同或拮抗效应的迹象。一项对欧洲疾病环境负担的评估研究得出结论，环境空气污染和交通噪声是欧洲居民面临的两个最主要的环境压力源。
