Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Mechanical, Electrical & Information Engineering, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Mar 2;17(5):1604. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17051604.
Recent decades have witnessed wave and tidal energy technology receiving considerable attention because of their low carbon emissions during electricity production. However, indirect emissions from their entire life cycle should not be ignored. Therefore, life cycle assessment (LCA) has been widely applied as a useful approach to systematically evaluate the environmental performance of wave and tidal energy technologies. This study reviews recent LCA studies on wave and tidal energy systems for stakeholders to understand current status of methodological practice and associated inherent limitations and reveal future research needs for application of LCA on wave and tidal technologies. The conformance of the selected LCAs to ISO 14040 (2006) and 14044 (2006) are critically analyzed in strict accordance with the ISO stepwise methodologies, namely, goal and scope definition, life cycle inventory (LCI) analysis, as well as life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). Our systematically screening of these studies indicates that few of the selected studies are of strict conformance with ISO 14040 and 14044 standards, which makes the results unreliable and thus further reduces the confidence of interested stakeholders. Further, our review indicates that current LCA practice on wave and tidal energies is lacking consideration of temporal variations, which should be addressed in future research, as it causes inaccuracy and uncertainties.
近几十年来，由于波浪和潮汐能在发电过程中碳排放低，它们的技术得到了相当多的关注。然而，其整个生命周期的间接排放不应被忽视。因此，生命周期评估（LCA）已被广泛应用于系统地评估波浪和潮汐能技术的环境性能。本研究回顾了最近关于波浪和潮汐能系统的 LCA 研究，以便利益相关者了解当前方法实践的现状和相关的固有局限性，并揭示在波浪和潮汐技术中应用 LCA 的未来研究需求。本研究根据 ISO 14040（2006）和 ISO 14044（2006）的要求，严格按照 ISO 逐步方法，即目标和范围定义、生命周期清单（LCI）分析以及生命周期影响评估（LCIA），对选定的 LCA 进行了严格的分析。我们对这些研究的系统筛选表明，很少有选定的研究严格符合 ISO 14040 和 14044 标准，这使得结果不可靠，从而进一步降低了利益相关者的信心。此外，我们的综述表明，当前波浪和潮汐能的 LCA 实践缺乏对时间变化的考虑，这应该在未来的研究中得到解决，因为它会导致不准确和不确定性。
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