美国区域发电排放因子的推导与评估。
Derivation and assessment of regional electricity generation emission factors in the USA.
作者信息
Ghosh Tapajyoti, Ingwersen Wesley W, Jamieson Matthew, Hawkins Troy R, Cashman Sarah, Hottle Troy, Carpenter Alberta, Richa Kirti
机构信息
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA.
Eastern Research Group, Inc, Concord, MA, USA.
出版信息
Int J Life Cycle Assess. 2022 Dec 19;28:156-171. doi: 10.1007/s11367-022-02113-1.
PURPOSE
Electricity production is one of the largest sources of environmental emissions-especially greenhouse gases (GHGs)-in the USA. Emission factors (EFs) vary from region to region, which requires the use of spatially relevant EF data for electricity production while performing life cycle assessments (LCAs). Uncertainty information, which is sought by LCA practitioners, is rarely supplied with available life cycle inventories (LCIs).
METHODS
To address these challenges, we present a method for collecting data from different sources for electricity generation and environmental emissions; discuss the challenges involved in agglomerating such data; provide relevant suggestions and solutions to merge the information; and calculate EFs for electricity generation processes from various fuel sources for different spatial regions and spatial resolutions. The EFs from the US 2016 Electricity Life Cycle Inventory (eLCI) are analyzed and explored in this study. We also explore the method of uncertainty information derivation for the EFs.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
We explore the EFs from different technologies across Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database (eGRID) regions in the USA. We find that for certain eGRID regions, the same electricity production technology may have worse emissions. This may be a result of the age of the plants in the region, the quality of fuel used, or other underlying factors. Region-wise life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) ISO 14040 impacts for total generation mix activities provide an overview of the total sustainability profile of electricity production in a particular region, rather than only global warming potential (GWP). We also find that, for different LCIA impacts, several eGRID regions are consistently worse than the US average LCIA impact for every unit of electricity generated.
CONCLUSION
This work describes the development of an electricity production LCI at different spatial resolutions by combining and harmonizing information from several databases. The inventory consists of emissions, fuel inputs, and electricity and steam outputs from different electricity production technologies located across various regions of the USA. This LCI for electricity production in the USA will prove to be an enormous resource for all LCA researchers-considering the detailed sources of the information and the breadth of emissions covered by it.
目的
在美国，电力生产是环境排放（尤其是温室气体）的最大来源之一。排放因子因地区而异，这就要求在进行生命周期评估（LCA）时，使用与空间相关的电力生产排放因子数据。生命周期评估从业者所寻求的不确定性信息，在现有的生命周期清单（LCI）中很少提供。
方法
为应对这些挑战，我们提出了一种从不同来源收集发电和环境排放数据的方法；讨论了汇总此类数据所涉及的挑战；提供了合并信息的相关建议和解决方案；并计算了不同空间区域和空间分辨率下各种燃料来源发电过程的排放因子。本研究分析并探讨了来自美国2016年电力生命周期清单（eLCI）的排放因子。我们还探索了排放因子不确定性信息的推导方法。
结果与讨论
我们在美国排放与发电资源综合数据库（eGRID）各区域中探索了不同技术的排放因子。我们发现，对于某些eGRID区域，相同的电力生产技术可能具有更差的排放情况。这可能是该区域电厂的使用年限、所用燃料质量或其他潜在因素导致的。按区域进行的生命周期影响评估（LCIA）ISO 14040对总发电组合活动的影响，提供了特定区域电力生产总体可持续性概况的概述，而不仅仅是全球变暖潜能值（GWP）。我们还发现，对于不同的LCIA影响，几个eGRID区域每发一度电的情况始终比美国平均LCIA影响更差。
结论
这项工作描述了通过合并和协调来自多个数据库的信息，开发不同空间分辨率下的电力生产LCI。该清单包括来自美国不同区域不同电力生产技术的排放、燃料输入以及电力和蒸汽输出。考虑到信息的详细来源及其涵盖的排放范围，美国电力生产的这份LCI将被证明是所有LCA研究人员的巨大资源。
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