School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.
Department of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, China.
J Sports Sci Med. 2020 Feb 24;19(1):20-37. eCollection 2020 Mar.
Although the role of shoe constructions on running injury and performance has been widely investigated, systematic reviews on the shoe construction effects on running biomechanics were rarely reported. Therefore, this review focuses on the relevant research studies examining the biomechanical effect of running shoe constructions on reducing running-related injury and optimising performance. Searches of five databases and Footwear Science from January 1994 to September 2018 for related biomechanical studies which investigated running footwear constructions yielded a total of 1260 articles. After duplications were removed and exclusion criteria applied to the titles, abstracts and full text, 63 studies remained and categorised into following constructions: (a) shoe lace, (b) midsole, (c) heel flare, (d) heel-toe drop, (e) minimalist shoes, (f) Masai Barefoot Technologies, (g) heel cup, (h) upper, and (i) bending stiffness. Some running shoe constructions positively affect athletic performance-related and injury-related variables: 1) increasing the stiffness of running shoes at the optimal range can benefit performance-related variables; 2) softer midsoles can reduce impact forces and loading rates; 3) thicker midsoles can provide better cushioning effects and attenuate shock during impacts but may also decrease plantar sensations of a foot; 4) minimalist shoes can improve running economy and increase the cross-sectional area and stiffness of Achilles tendon but it would increase the metatarsophalangeal and ankle joint loading compared to the conventional shoes. While shoe constructions can effectively influence running biomechanics, research on some constructions including shoe lace, heel flare, heel-toe drop, Masai Barefoot Technologies, heel cup, and upper requires further investigation before a viable scientific guideline can be made. Future research is also needed to develop standard testing protocols to determine the optimal stiffness, thickness, and heel-toe drop of running shoes to optimise performance-related variables and prevent running-related injuries.
虽然鞋类结构在跑步损伤和性能方面的作用已得到广泛研究，但关于鞋类结构对跑步生物力学影响的系统评价却很少报道。因此，本综述重点关注研究跑步鞋结构对减少与跑步相关的损伤和优化性能的生物力学影响的相关研究。从 1994 年 1 月至 2018 年 9 月，我们在五个数据库和《鞋类科学》中搜索了与生物力学研究相关的文章，共检索到 1260 篇文章。在去除重复项并根据标题、摘要和全文应用排除标准后，仍有 63 项研究，这些研究被分为以下结构：（a）鞋鞋带，（b）中底，（c）鞋跟外扩，（d）跟趾落差，（e）极简鞋，（f）Masai Barefoot Technologies，（g）鞋跟杯，（h）鞋面，和（i）弯曲刚度。一些跑鞋结构可以积极影响与运动表现和损伤相关的变量：1）在最佳范围内增加跑鞋的刚度可以有益于与表现相关的变量；2）更软的中底可以减少冲击力和加载率；3）更厚的中底可以提供更好的缓冲效果，并在冲击过程中减轻震动，但也可能降低脚部对地面的感觉；4）极简鞋可以提高跑步经济性，增加跟腱的横截面积和刚度，但与传统鞋相比，它会增加跖趾关节和踝关节的负荷。虽然鞋类结构可以有效地影响跑步生物力学，但包括鞋带、鞋跟外扩、跟趾落差、Masai Barefoot Technologies、鞋跟杯和鞋面在内的一些结构的研究还需要进一步研究，才能制定可行的科学指南。未来的研究还需要开发标准的测试协议，以确定跑鞋的最佳刚度、厚度和跟趾落差，以优化与表现相关的变量并预防与跑步相关的损伤。
