ERA-EDTA Registry, Department of Medical Informatics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
CNR-IFC, Center of Clinical Physiology, Clinical Epidemiology of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Reggio Calabria, Italy.
Nephrology (Carlton). 2020 Jun;25(6):435-441. doi: 10.1111/nep.13706. Epub 2020 Mar 27.
Study quality depends on a number of factors, one of them being internal validity. Such validity can be affected by random and systematic error, the latter also known as bias. Both make it more difficult to assess a correct frequency or the true relationship between exposure and outcome. Where random error can be addressed by increasing the sample size, a systematic error in the design, the conduct or the reporting of a study is more problematic. In this article, we will focus on bias, discuss different types of selection bias (sampling bias, confounding by indication, incidence-prevalence bias, attrition bias, collider stratification bias and publication bias) and information bias (recall bias, interviewer bias, observer bias and lead-time bias), indicate the type of studies where they most frequently occur and provide suggestions for their prevention.
研究质量取决于许多因素，其中之一是内部有效性。这种有效性可能会受到随机误差和系统误差的影响，后者也称为偏倚。这两者都使得评估暴露和结果之间的正确频率或真实关系变得更加困难。随机误差可以通过增加样本量来解决，而研究设计、实施或报告中的系统误差则更为棘手。在本文中，我们将重点讨论偏倚，讨论不同类型的选择偏倚（抽样偏倚、混杂偏倚、现患-发病率偏倚、失访偏倚、混杂分层偏倚和发表偏倚）和信息偏倚（回忆偏倚、调查者偏倚、观察者偏倚和领先时间偏倚），指出它们最常发生的研究类型，并提供预防建议。
