International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, Canada.
Chemosphere. 2020 Jul;250:126324. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126324. Epub 2020 Feb 25.
Human exposure to formaldehyde, toluene, xylene (FTX) and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are associated with negative health impact. To characterize the exposure and health effects of FTX and TVOC from indoor environments, we conducted an extensive monitoring campaign involving 1278 measurements of 472 indoor locations in Harbin, a megacity in China from May 2013 to March 2018. The results showed that household had the highest mean formaldehyde concentration (0.171 ± 0.084 mg m-3) among all types of indoor environments. Meanwhile, there was no significant differences in formaldehyde concentration of the living room, master bedroom, secondary bedroom and study room (p > 0.05), as well as toluene and xylene. The highest mean concentration of toluene, xylene and TVOC was measured in public bath center. Great difference was found between formaldehyde concentrations in 2013 and other years, except 2015. There were great positive nonlinear correlations between the indoor temperature and concentration of formaldehyde (p < 0.01), good negative nonlinear correlations between the finish time of decoration and concentration of formaldehyde (p < 0.01), good positive linear correlations between the relative humidity and concentration of formaldehyde (p < 0.01). A risk assessment methodology was utilized to evaluate the potential adverse health effects of the individual FTX compounds according to their carcinogenicities. The predicted carcinogenic risk of formaldehyde was greater than the threshold value 1E-06 at all environments. The non-carcinogenic risk of TX compounds in the population is negligible. For estimating human health risk exposure, sensitivity analysis showed that more attention should be given to the influential variables such as the level of pollutants.
人体接触甲醛、甲苯、二甲苯（FTX）和其他挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）与负面健康影响有关。为了描述室内环境中 FTX 和 TVOC 的暴露和健康影响，我们进行了一项广泛的监测活动，涉及 2013 年 5 月至 2018 年 3 月期间在中国大城市哈尔滨的 472 个室内场所的 1278 次测量。结果表明，家庭是所有室内环境中甲醛浓度最高的（0.171±0.084mg/m3）。同时，客厅、主卧室、次卧室和书房的甲醛浓度没有显著差异（p>0.05），甲苯和二甲苯也没有显著差异。公共洗浴中心的甲苯、二甲苯和 TVOC 浓度最高。2013 年与其他年份的甲醛浓度存在很大差异，除了 2015 年。室内温度与甲醛浓度之间存在很大的正非线性关系（p<0.01），装修完成时间与甲醛浓度之间存在很好的负非线性关系（p<0.01），相对湿度与甲醛浓度之间存在很好的正线性关系（p<0.01）。利用风险评估方法，根据个体 FTX 化合物的致癌性评估其对潜在健康影响的风险。所有环境下，甲醛的预测致癌风险均大于 1E-06 的阈值。TX 化合物在人群中的非致癌风险可忽略不计。为了估计人类健康风险暴露，敏感性分析表明，应更加关注污染物水平等有影响力的变量。
