Isolation from earthworms of a proteinaceous chemoattractant to garter snakes.

We have isolated a potent proteinaceous chemoattractant from aqueous washes of earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) for garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) by means of a covalent chromatography. It contained free sulfhydryl groups and showed an apparent mass of 20 kDa. The chemoattractive activity of this protein could be destroyed by heating as well as by proteolysis. Its activity could also be reversibly blocked by mixed disulfide formation with dithiodipyridine, suggesting that the free sulfhydryl(s) was essential for its function as a chemoattractant. This bioactive material had a tendency to form intermolecular crosslinked aggregates during isolation, if reducing agents were not included. Some of the high-molecular-weight aggregates cochromatographed with earthworm cuticle collagen on Ultragel AcA 34 or 44 columns. In contrast to an earlier report by D. M. Kirschenbaum, N. Schulman, and M. Halpern [1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 1213-1216) the purified earthworm collagen showed no chemoattractive activity to garter snakes.