Evolutionary and Molecular Characterization of liver-enriched gene 1.

Liver-enriched gene 1 (Leg1) is a newly identified gene with little available functional information. To evolutionarily and molecularly characterize Leg1 genes, a phylogenetic study was first conducted, which indicated that Leg1 is a conserved gene that exists from bacteria to mammals. During the evolution of mammals, Leg1s underwent tandem duplications, which gave rise to Leg1a, Leg1b, and Leg1c clades. Analysis of the pig genome showed the presence of all three paralogs of pig Leg1 genes (pLeg1s), whereas only Leg1a could be found in the human (hLeg1a) or mouse (mLeg1a) genomes. Purifying force acts on the evolution of Leg1 genes, likely subjecting them to functional constraint. Molecularly, pLeg1a and its coded protein, pig LEG1a (pLEG1a), displayed high similarities to its human and mouse homologs in terms of gene organization, expression patterns, and structures. Hence, pLeg1a, hLeg1a, and mLeg1a might preserve similar functions. Additionally, expression analysis of the three Leg1as suggested that eutherian Leg1as might have different functions from those of zebrafish and platypus due to subfunctionalization. Therefore, pLeg1a might provide essential information about eutherian Leg1a. Moreover, a preliminary functional study using RNA-seq suggested that pLeg1a is involved in the lipid homeostasis. In conclusion, our study provides some basic information on the aspects of evolution and molecular function, which could be applied for further validation of Leg1 using pig models.