Mustafin R N
Bashkir State Medical University, 3 Lenin str., Ufa 450008, Russian Federation, e-mail:
Adv Gerontol. 2019;32(5):693-701.
Telomere dysfunction and changes in their length during aging of an organism is a reflection of more global processes in the genome, which are caused by the regulatory influence of transposable elements sequentially activated during ontogenesis. This consequence is due to the fact that centromeres and centromeric proteins, telomeres and telomerases, introns and spliceosome components, transcription factors and their binding sites, noncoding RNAs and their targets in protein coding gene sequences have evolved from transposable elements. The relationship of these structural-functional elements of the genome dynamically changes in individual development and depends on the characteristics of successive activations and transpositions of the transposable elements. Each species is characterized by a specific set of transposable elements and associated tandem repeats, which affects the epigenetic regulation of ontogenesis. These tandem repeats are mainly contained in centromeres and telomeres, the specific influence of researchers on which is promising for developing ways of regulating life expectancy. This is due to the ability of ribozymes and peptides to interact with specific DNA nucleotide sequences, especially as part of tandem repeats. An important approach to the study of the relationship of transposons with telomeres, centromeres and subtelomeric regions for the regulation of aging can be the study of the role of their uniting peptides and miRNA, whose complex application has a high potential of geroprotective efficiency.
端粒功能障碍及其在生物体衰老过程中的长度变化反映了基因组中更广泛的过程，这些过程是由个体发育过程中依次激活的转座元件的调控影响所引起的。这种结果是由于着丝粒和着丝粒蛋白、端粒和端粒酶、内含子和剪接体成分、转录因子及其结合位点、非编码RNA及其在蛋白质编码基因序列中的靶标均由转座元件进化而来。基因组的这些结构功能元件之间的关系在个体发育中动态变化，并取决于转座元件连续激活和转座的特征。每个物种都有一组特定的转座元件和相关的串联重复序列，这会影响个体发育的表观遗传调控。这些串联重复序列主要存在于着丝粒和端粒中，研究人员对其进行特异性影响有望开发出调节寿命的方法。这是由于核酶和肽能够与特定的DNA核苷酸序列相互作用，特别是作为串联重复序列的一部分。研究转座子与端粒、着丝粒和亚端粒区域之间的关系以调节衰老的一个重要方法是研究它们的联合肽和miRNA的作用，其联合应用具有很高的老年保护效率潜力。
