Department of Sport Science, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom.
Faculty of Medicine, Unit of Development and Research in Medical Education (UDREM), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Population Epidemiology Unit, Primary Care Division, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
J Sci Med Sport. 2020 Sep;23(9):860-865. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.02.014. Epub 2020 Feb 28.
The Test of Gross Motor Development-3 (TGMD-3) evaluates fundamental gross motor skills across two domains: locomotor and ball skills. This study aimed to perform a full psychometric assessment of this test in a large sample of Italian pre- and primary school children.
Cross-sectional and test-retest study design.
Children N = 5210; mean age years = 8.38, SD = 1.97; % females = 48 completed three trials, including one practice. Only the scores of the two latter 'formal' trials were recorded for the evaluation. Factorial validity and measurement invariance of TGMD-3 across age and gender groups and test-retest reliability for the overtime measure consistency were tested. Item response theory analysis further tested single items' performances.
Explorative and confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the two-factor structure of the TGMD-3. Multi-group confirmatory factor analyses indicated that there were no significant reductions in model adjustments between the configural, metric and structural invariance solutions for gender and age groups. Test-retest results ranged between 0.967 and 0.990 for both skill sets across age groups. Item response theory analysis using a graded response model showed low standard error and high-test information levels covering a wide spectrum range of both locomotor and ball skills.
These results highlight the strong construct validity and reliability of the TGMD-3 to measure gross motor skills in children across gender and age groups. Item response theory analysis evidenced how the performance criteria included in this test cover a wide range of gross the motor skills spectrum. The use of TGMD-3 may inform motor development programs and support curricular decisions in schools.
粗大运动发育测试-3（TGMD-3）评估两个领域的基本粗大运动技能：移动技能和球技。本研究旨在对意大利学前和小学儿童的大量样本进行全面的心理测量评估。
横断面和重测研究设计。
儿童 N=5210；平均年龄为 8.38 岁，标准差为 1.97；女性%=48 完成了三个试验，包括一次练习。仅记录后两个“正式”试验的分数用于评估。测试 TGMD-3 在年龄和性别组中的因子有效性和测量不变性以及随时间推移的测量一致性的重测信度。项目反应理论分析进一步测试了单项的表现。
探索性和验证性因子分析证实了 TGMD-3 的两因素结构。多组验证性因子分析表明，在性别和年龄组的配置、度量和结构不变性解决方案之间，模型调整没有显著减少。两个技能组在年龄组内的重测结果在 0.967 到 0.990 之间。使用等级反应模型的项目反应理论分析显示，低标准误差和高测试信息水平覆盖了移动技能和球技的广泛范围。
这些结果突出了 TGMD-3 在测量儿童性别和年龄组之间粗大运动技能方面的强大结构有效性和可靠性。项目反应理论分析证明了该测试中包含的绩效标准如何涵盖广泛的粗大运动技能范围。TGMD-3 的使用可以为运动发展计划提供信息，并支持学校的课程决策。
